Applied Chemical Engineering (ACE) is an international open-access academic journal dedicated to publishing highly professional research in all fields related to chemical engineering. All manuscripts are subjected to a rigorous double-blind peer review process, to ensure quality and originality. We are interested inthe original research discoveries. This journal also features a wide range of research in ancillary areas relevant to chemistry. ACE publishes original research articles, review articles, editorials, case reports, letters, brief commentaries, perspectives, methods, etc. The research topics of ACE include but are not limited to: 1. Analytical Chemistry 2. Chemical Engineering 3. Materials chemistry 4. Material synthesis 5. Catalysis 6. Process chemistry and technology 7. Quantum chemistry method 8. Environmental chemical engineering 9. Bio-energy, resources, pollution 10.Reaction kinetics 11. Nanotechnology and bioreactors 12. Surface, coating and film Starting from Volume 7, Issue 2 of 2024, Applied Chemical Engineering (ACE) will be published by Arts and Science Press Pte. Ltd. Please turn to the journal website for new submissions.
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Physical treatment of wastewater in Ramadi Hospital using zeolite and natural sand
Water quality is a huge challenge in Iraq due to insufficient modern infrastructure for the effective treatment of wastewater, which leads to the release of non-purified effluents into river ecosystems and increases the risks for human beings' health significantly. The purpose of this research is the evaluation of white sand and natural zeolite performance as environmentally friendly and energy-saving filtration materials in removing pollutants from hospital wastewater. Multi-layer filtration systems were designed to investigate the effectiveness of both materials independently, and then to conduct the study of the combined use of the Sand-Zeolite filter under different operating conditions (flow rate, hydraulic retention time, HRT). The data obtained during the experiment prove that the combination of filtration materials improves their effectiveness in purifying wastewater from various pollutants. For instance, the efficiency of EC purification increased up to 89%, whereas TDS was removed on 69%. Moreover, the combined use of sand and zeolite demonstrated outstanding results in reducing organic load, and both BOD and COD decreased by 93% and 75%, respectively. The analysis showed that TBC was removed on 88%. Ammonia removal by the filter of the dual structure increased up to 99.6%, whereas individual use of filters resulted in the removal of ammonia by 99% (sand) and 99.7% (zeolite). It is also important to mention the efficiency of nitrate purification by Sand-Zeolite filter (64%), whereas the removal efficiency of nitrites was 56%. Sulfate (100%) and phosphorus (89%) were completely removed from wastewater by the tested filter. Heavy minerals' purification results indicated a complete removal of iron (Fe, 100%) and zinc (100%). As to chromium (87%), copper (86%) and nickel (51%) purification results, they can also be considered excellent. Thus, the combination of the filtration properties of white sand and zeolite proves to be a sustainable approach to purifying wastewater. The proposed methodology allows creating high-quality reclaimed water. The technology is extremely promising and affordable.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hala Arshad Ali, Dina T. Hammody, Osama Khamees Ali, Areej Hamad Hassan, Asmaa M. Hamed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Methanolic Extract of Inula graveolens L. as Antioxidant and Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel Alloy using MATLAB
In recent years, Antioxidants have played a crucial role in various applications, and their potential has been evaluated through multiple assays Antioxidant utilizing 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), β-carotene assay and environmentally friendly corrosion resistance property for alloy carbon steel in 1M HCl was investigated in both in the absence and presence of methanolic extract of Inula graveolens L (MEIG). Using the Tafel Plot method, the impact of temperature and inhibitor concentration was studied MEIG gave good antioxidant activity, including β-carotene (83%) and DPPH (73.9%), and exhibited a maximal (99.5%) inhibitory efficiency at 323 k. Kinetic parameters (Ea, ΔG*, ΔS*and ΔH*,) were calculated. MEIG increased the energy barrier of the corrosion reaction, making it non-spontaneous through an endothermic mechanism. Furthermore, ΔHads, ΔGads, and ΔSads were also calculated, demonstrating that the inhibitor was physically adsorbed via a spontaneous. However, inhibition efficiency decreased with rising temperature due to weakened adsorption and desorption effect Simply blocking the reaction sites inhibited the corrosion. The absorption process sold the Langmuir equation for heat absorption. The study highlights MEIG’s dual functionality as a potent antioxidant and an effective, environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor models was processed using MATLAB computer programming.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khawlah S. Burghal, Hind Abdel Amier Sabti, Adnan Jassim Mohammed Al-Fartosy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AI governance and digital transformation in public utilities: Evidence from Morocco’s national electric grid
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly used to support the digital transformation of critical energy infrastructures by improving forecasting, grid monitoring, predictive maintenance, and operational decision-making. However, AI deployment in public utilities faces challenges related to institutional acceptance, digital maturity, institutional trust, and governance mechanisms. This article investigates how these factors interact within Morocco’s National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water (ONEE). The methodology is based on 29 semi-structured interviews, thematic coding using NVivo, and an exploratory quantitative synthesis. The analytical framework combines a condensed UTAUT2 framework, the McKinsey AI Maturity Model, and selected AI governance dimensions related to accountability and interoperability. The findings suggest a positive association between AI maturity and organisational acceptability, with governance strengthening this relationship. However, given the qualitative-dominant design, the small sample size, and the exploratory scoring procedure, the correlation results are interpreted as indicative rather than confirmatory. The study contributes to applied infrastructure and utility governance research by showing that responsible AI deployment in critical energy systems requires not only digital capabilities but also transparent governance, regulatory clarity, cybersecurity safeguards, and internal stakeholder trust.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nissrine MAJIT, Naila AMROUS, Jamal MABROUKI http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and biological studies of some novel furo naphthyridine compounds contain chalcone
Through a Vilsmeier–Haack condensation 2-chloro-3-formyl-1.8-nathyridine (I) was synthesized. When treated with aqueous hydrochloric acid converted to compound (II) was successfully obtained in high yield and then converted to Novel 1-(8-methyl) furo[2,3-b] -(1,8-naphthyridine-2-yl) ethenone (III) through Claisen –Schmidt condensation. The condensation between compound III (ketone) and benzaldehyde yield Novel (furo[2,3-b] (1,8-naphthyridine-2-yl)-2- acetyl called chalcone (4). The reaction between chalcone and bromine water yields dibromide (6), Iodo chalcone (5) produced by treatment of chalcone with one to two pieces of crystal iodine in dimethyl sulfoxide. Spectral analysis techniques such as 1H-NMR, FT-IR were employed to identify and confirm the structural formula of all products. The synthesized compounds (3-6) were evaluation for their anti- bacterial activity against both gram negative and gram-positive bacteria, demonstrating significant compared to standard drug. All these compounds showed moderate activity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatimah Nazar Mahmood, Alaa I. Ayoob, Shakir M. Saied, Mohanad Y. Saleh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Vitamin D Pathway Components in Determining Disease Severity and Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Precision Medicine Approach
Objectives: This study evaluates the vitamin D pathway and atherogenic markers in T2DM patients, develops composite indices to quantify disease severity and cardiovascular risk, and tests their predictive utility using precision modeling. Material and Methods: Serum levels of vitamin D (Vit D), vitamin D receptor (VDR), binding protein, and lipid parameters were measured in 50 T2DM patients and 25 healthy controls. Atherogenic indices: AIP, Castelli Risk Index I (CAST-1), and Castelli Risk Index II (CAST-2) were calculated. Principal component analysis (PCA), multivariate regression, neural networks, and partial least squares (PLS) modeling were performed. Results: Patients with T2DM exhibited significantly lower Vit D and VDR levels, higher cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, and atherogenic indices, with lower HDL. Composite PCA scores confirmed increased disease severity and cardiovascular risk. Insulin resistance strongly predicted atherogenic indices, whereas Vit D levels predicted both disease severity and cardiovascular risk. Conclusion: Vitamin D pathway disruption significantly correlates with insulin resistance, metabolic severity, and cardiovascular risk in T2DM, underscoring its potential as a personalized therapeutic target.
Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Karrar Kais Abdul Jaleel, Haider Jabbar Shinjar, Haider Ali Alnaji, Ali Abbas Abo Algon, Abbas F. Almulla http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the effect of sandblasting on the surface roughness and coating adhesion of ASTM A36 plate
The aim of this research is to examine the effect of variations in spraying pressure and distance on the surface roughness and coating quality of ASTM A36 steel. The method used is by comparing the results of the sandblasting using 60 mesh aluminium oxide abrasive material with a shooting angle of 90° at a distance of 5 cm and 10 cm with pressures of 4, 6 and 8 bar. Surface roughness and paint adhesion test is then done on the specimens. The roughness test showed that increasing sandblasting pressure did not have a direct correlation to the increase in surface roughness. Conversely, as the sandblasting distance increase from 5 cm to 10 cm, affected the surface roughness decreases. The highest mean Ra, Rp and Rz value were obtained from a nozzle distance of 5 cm at pressure of 8 bar with value of 4.125 μm, 11.746 μm and 25,773 μm respectively. Paint adhesion testing showed that the higher surface roughness did not necessarily result in better paint adhesion of the steel plates. Instead, surface morphology and coating thickness played a more dominant role in adhesion strength. These findings indicate that variations in pressure and distance during sandblasting significantly influence the surface texture and coating performance of ASTM A36 steel.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oki Suprada Ompusunggu, Riky Stepanus Situmorang, Pramio Garson Sembiring, Aldi Maulana Sidik, Edbert Vincent Salim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, in silico, and biological evaluation of new schiff base derivatives as antibacterial and anti-breast cancer agents
Three new Schiff base compounds (S1-S3) from 1-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)ethan-1-amine and substituted-benzaldehydes are synthesized and biologically evaluated in this work. After microwave-assisted synthesis, the compounds were purified and structurally characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. Agar diffusion was used to test their antibacterial activities against pathogens such Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus anthracis, and Acinetobacter. The derivative S2 was the most antibacterial at all doses, with inhibitory zones greater than those of azithromycin in certain instances. The cytotoxicity studies on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line using MTT assay showed that derivatives S2 and S3 significantly inhibited cancer cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, with derivative S2 having a lower IC50 than derivative S3, indicating greater potency, which depending on in silico molecular docking investigations, derivative S3 have substantial binding affinities to the EGFR receptor and glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase, respectively, with binding energies of -8.5 and -5.4 kcal/mol, and this study suggests Schiff base derivatives multipurpose antibacterial and anticancer applications, particularly against drug-resistant microorganisms and hormone-responsive breast cancer.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tamam Mahdi Salih, Sarah Abdulhamza Hameed, Ameer Mahmood Shaker http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Thermochemical Characterization and Process-Oriented Evaluation of Clayey Materials from M’sila (Algeria) for Sustainable Composite Engineering Applications
The growing demand for sustainable and low-carbon construction materials has stimulated increasing interest in the valorization of natural clayey resources and plant-based reinforcements for eco-friendly composite applications. However, the thermochemical behavior, mineralogical complexity, and engineering performance of natural clayey materials from semi-arid regions remain insufficiently understood. In this study, three representative clayey materials (Red, Green, and Yellow) collected from the Soubella region (M’sila, Algeria) were investigated to evaluate their suitability for sustainable clay-based composite engineering applications. A multi-analytical methodology combining X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric analyses (TGA/DTG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was employed to characterize the mineralogical composition, chemical reactivity, thermal transformations, granulometric distribution, and microstructural evolution of the investigated materials. The influence of untreated Cynodon dactylon fibre reinforcement on the physicochemical and mechanical behavior of clay-based composites was also evaluated. Granulometric and physicochemical analyses revealed that the Red and Green clayey materials are dominated by fine clay–silt fractions, whereas the Yellow material exhibits a comparatively higher carbonate-rich sandy composition. Mineralogical characterization identified quartz- and illite-rich phases in the Red and Green materials, while the Yellow material showed a higher calcite concentration. Thermogravimetric analyses highlighted distinct thermal transformation pathways associated with dehydration, dehydroxylation, and carbonate decomposition reactions. The obtained thermal profiles confirmed the thermal stability and activation potential of the investigated materials at elevated processing temperatures. Mechanical investigations demonstrated that natural fibre incorporation significantly improved the compressive and flexural performances of the clay-based composites by enhancing matrix cohesion and fibre-matrix interfacial interactions. In particular, the Yellow clay composite reinforced with untreated Cynodon dactylon fibres exhibited a notable increase in flexural strength compared with the unreinforced systems. Overall, the results demonstrate that mineralogical composition, thermal behavior, and natural fibre reinforcement strongly influence the engineering performance of clay-based composites. The investigated materials therefore constitute promising low-carbon resources for the development of eco-friendly composite materials and sustainable construction systems adapted to semi-arid environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Deghfel Nadir, Laib Nouri, Benyahia Azzedine, Melouki Azzedine, Larkat Karima, Djehiche Mokhtar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green-synthesized MgO nanoparticles from Gracilaria folifera: Electrochemical and antidiabetic study
Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles are attractive materials for biomedical and electrochemical applications due to their defect-rich structure and high surface reactivity. In this study, MgO nanoparticles were synthesized using a green sol-gel method with Gracilaria folifera extract (GF-MgO) acting as a natural reducing and capping agent. Structural analysis confirmed the formation of phase-pure cubic MgO with nanoscale crystallite size. Spectroscopic studies revealed successful biofunctionalization and the presence of oxygen vacancies induced by algal biomolecules. Electrochemical investigations demonstrated quasi-reversible redox behavior with enhanced charge transfer properties. The biofunctionalized GF-MgO nanoparticles exhibited improved antidiabetic activity, showing lower IC₅₀ values for α-amylase (37.06 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (48.91 µg/mL) compared to pure MgO. The enhanced performance is attributed to synergistic interactions between MgO defect sites and Gracilaria folifera phytochemicals. This work highlights a simple and eco-friendly strategy for producing biofunctional MgO nanoparticles with improved electrochemical and therapeutic potential. This study presents a novel approach for synthesizing defect-engineered, biofunctional MgO nanoparticles using Gracilaria folifera, demonstrating the synergistic role of algal biomolecules in enhancing electrochemical performance and antidiabetic activity.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Adhithi, M. Yogeswari, K Dhanalakshmi, P. Sangeetha, M. Ehthishamul Haque, B. Sangeetha, S. Sivakumar, B. Esther Bharathi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of montmorillonite in sustainable agriculture and environmental sustainability: A critical review
This paper examines some of the properties and potential applications of montmorillonite, which is a type of clay in the smectite group, and its importance in achieving some of the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper points to some of the unique attributes that the mineral has, most of which lie in its capacity to retain water and provide essential nutrients, thus improving soil quality. Soilless growth media that contain montmorillonite can improve plant growth and make better use of resources. This study is specifically concerned with the application of montmorillonite for the development of sustainable agriculture and the preservation of the environment. It will look into the application of montmorillonite for agricultural purposes, water filtration, and the preservation of the ecosystem. This study will examine the characteristics and potential application of montmorillonite, a clay mineral belonging to the smectite group, and its contributions to the development of some of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It will be comprised of some information on the application of montmorillonite for agricultural purposes, water filtration, and environmental preservation techniques, as well as the exposure of the agricultural environment to montmorillonite. Moreover, this paper presents some of the benefits of montmorillonite and addresses the second goal of sustainable development, including poverty alleviation and food security improvement, which can benefit people worldwide.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raad Farhan Shahad*, Salah Mahdi Alibi, Esraa Assim Al-Jubouri, Hussein Abdul Hamid http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Women with Cervical Cancer patients
Cervical cancer remains a major health concern among women worldwide and is associated with multiple biochemical and molecular alterations, including oxidative stress. This work aimed to evaluate the connection between oxidative stress and antioxidant status in women with cervical cancer by measuring serum nitric oxide (NO), plasma vitamin C (VC), and serum zinc (Zn) levels. A total of 120 women were implicated in this case–control study, comprising 60 patients diagnosed with cervical cancer and 60 healthy age-matched controls. Blood samples were gathered and analyzed to evaluate the concentrations of NO, VC, and Zn using ELISA and colorimetric methods. Statistical analysis was done utilizing SPSS software. The results showed significantly higher levels of serum nitric oxide in cervical cancer participants matched with the controls group (p < 0.001). In contrast, plasma vitamin C and serum zinc concentrations were significantly reduced in participants with cervical cancer (p < 0.001). Pearson correlation analysis shows a efficient negative correlation between nitric oxide and both vitamin C and zinc concentratinos, while a positive correlation was seen between vitamin C and zinc. (ROC) curve analysis explained that these biomarkers possess diagnostic potential, with nitric oxide showing the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.88), followed by vitamin C (AUC = 0.84) and zinc (AUC = 0.81). These findings suggest that cervical cancer is associated with increased oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant defense, highlighting the potential turn of oxidative stress biomarkers in understanding the biochemical alterations related to cervical cancer.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kawakeb N. A. Abdulla, Rasha Hamza Mnehil, Saba Jesem Alheshemi, Montadher Ali Mahdi, Kareem Salim Abod http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
New spectrophotometric determination of salbutamol sulphate using p-methoxy aniline
Salbutamol sulfate was analyzed using a straightforward, expeditious, and precise spectrophotometric approach. This method enabled the rapid and precise quantification of salbutamol sulfate within complex samples.in this method Salbutamol sulfate is coupled with a diazotized p-methoxy aniline reagent in an alkaline medium to form stable and water- soluble yellow azo dye . The resulting compound exhibited maximum absorption at 426 nm The method follows Beer's law was over the concentration range 2-12 μg mL-1 and Sandell's sensitivity index at 1.76 × 10-2μg cm-2, Detection limit is 0.0096 μg mL-1. This approach demonstrates rising reliability (average recovery 98.75%), with a relative standard division (SD) is 0.0017 μg mL-1 and molar absorption coefficient 3.269× 104 L mol−1 cm-1.This proposed technique has been successfully applied to determine the salbutamol sulphate with no interference from conventional pharma logical excipients. Furthermore, this procedure was effectively versus the official ones, demonstrating its reliability and potential for routine analysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zahraa. R. Tameemi, Abbass. N.Alsirifi, and Zahraa. H. Athab http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Inclusive energy governance in Morocco: Strategic stakeholder dynamics in the advanced metering infrastructure project
This study conducts a strategic stakeholder analysis of Morocco’s Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) within the country’s broader energy-transition reforms. It employs a qualitative triangulation design, combining semi-structured interviews, deep documentary analysis, and relational mapping. Results highlight a centralised governance pattern in which public institutions, international donors, and local authorities play a dominant role, while civil society organisations, innovation clusters, and universities remain weakly integrated. The analysis identifies structural power asymmetries, zones of uncertainty, and dependency relations that affect policy coordination. The resulting stakeholder map provides a decision-support tool for identifying coordination bottlenecks, clarifying institutional dependencies, and designing more inclusive consultation mechanisms between regulators, operators, territorial actors, innovation institutions, and civil-society representatives. The study contributes to the literature on socio-technical transitions in emerging contexts, where institutional design is as critical as technological innovation. As the study adopts a cross-sectional design, it captures stakeholder relations at a specific stage of AMI deployment rather than their longitudinal evolution. Moreover, because several international stakeholders could not be interviewed directly, part of the analysis of the international cluster relies on secondary institutional reports. Future research should therefore examine how governance arrangements, inter-institutional dependencies, and stakeholder influence patterns evolve throughout the later phases of AMI deployment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nissrine Majit, Naila Amrous, Jamal Mabrouki http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Advanced Treatment Techniques for COD Removal from Industrial Wastewater in Baiji Refinery Using Chemical Coagulation, Ozonation, and UV/O₃ Technology
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is considered one of the most important parameters that indicates the presence of organic pollution in industrial wastewaters. Refinery wastes represent complex heterogeneous, structurally, oily liquid that contains a very high load of organics. This study aims to assess the efficiency of refinery wastewater treatment by three methods, namely coagulation, ozonation, and a UV/O₃ hybrid system, and to determine the optimum operational conditions of each technique at the Baiji oil refinery complex. The study started by applying a coagulation process using two types of chemicals, namely Al₂(SO₄)₃ and FeCl₃ at varying pH to evaluate the effect of conditions on COD removal. The second process was ozonation with a range of concentrations and finally the UV/O₃ system for enhancing the advanced oxidation of steel. The standard methods of measurement as approved by the labs of Baiji Refinery and Tikrit University were followed for each procedure. The two-way ANOVA was used to find out the high coefficient factors affecting removal efficiency. The results demonstrated that chemical coagulation alone gives removal rates of 44–62%. The efficiency increased when the procedure was coupled with ozonation to reach 67–81%. The UV/O₃ going system was the best, with removal efficiencies of 92–97%, which confirms the important role of the •OH hydroxyl radicals in destroying the complex organics. The statistical analysis indicates that the type of process was the most influential factor affecting the removal efficiency and that the coagulant did not have any statistically important effect. It could be concluded that the integrated system Coagulation + O₃ + UV/O₃ is a promising solution to treat high organic load refinery effluents. It is also recommended to optimize UV reactor design and O₃ dosage to ensure a higher efficiency and lower energy consumption. Further studies should be conducted to assess the optimum level of this system and to perform an economic feasibility study to scale them up in Iraqi refineries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rand Tariq khalaf, Waleed M. Sh. Alabdraba http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization and validation of a rapid RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of codeine and diazepam in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms
This study establishes a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method that is precise and expeditious for the existing separation and quantification of codeine and diazepam, while reducing analysis time and separation efficiency. An RP-Sunfire C18 column (5 µm, 4.6 × 250 mm) was used to separate the samples. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and a phosphate buffer and detection were performed at 230 nm. The approach separated the two drugs in less than 7 minutes using an isocratic elution mode. Codeine and diazepam had retention times of 4.19 and 6.09 minutes, respectively, and the resolution was a good value (Rs = 4.22). The results showed that the column was highly efficient, with theoretical plate counts passing 2579 for codeine and 2373 for diazepam. The very symmetrical peaks, with symmetry factor values ranging from 1.05 to 1.08. The method showed an excellent linearity within the range of concentration (5-25 µg. mL-1) with high Coefficient of Determination (R²≥ 0.9998) and low limits of detection, indicating its high sensitivity. High recovery rates (99.46-100.27%) further confirmed the method's accuracy and lack of pharmaceutical interference. Separation conditions were optimized using response surface morphology (RSM), with analysis of variance (ANOVA) showing high significance for the quadratic model (p = 0.0057) and no significance for the non-conformity test (p = 0.2700). Optimal conditions were determined using a mobile phase of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer in a 40:60 (v/v) ratio at pH 4.0, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL.min-1. These conditions confirm the method's efficiency and suitability for routine pharmaceutical laboratory applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rulla Sabah, Nisreen Kais Abood, Mustafa Hammadi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analytical spectrophotometric evaluation of hematological parameters with emphasis on iron-containing substances
Iron plays a pivotal role in hematopoiesis, particularly in hemoglobin synthesis and oxygen transport. Alterations in iron availability, whether nutritional or pharmacological, directly influence erythroid indices and red blood cell morphology. This study employed validated UV–Vis spectrophotometric methods combined with hematological analysis to evaluate the effects of iron-containing substances, with and without caffeine, on complete blood count (CBC) parameters. Calibration results confirmed excellent linearity and sensitivity, enabling accurate quantification of iron–caffeine interactions. Hematological data demonstrated significant increases in hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red blood cell counts in treated groups, while white blood cell counts remained largely unaffected. Platelet indices revealed moderate morphological changes, although total platelet numbers were stable. Collectively, these findings highlight the applicability of spectrophotometric techniques in biomedical and nutritional research, offering a cost-effective and reliable alternative for clinical and laboratory investigations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Enas H. Mohammed, Bashar Abdulazeez Mahmood http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of evaporation boat waste particle size on the characterization of crucible specimens
The demand for high-performance crucibles in metal casting and smelting industries has led to an increasing interest in alternative materials due to the limitations of traditional graphite-based crucibles. Evaporation boat waste, primarily composed of boron nitride (BN) and titanium diboride (TiB2), offers a sustainable alternative but has not been fully explored for crucible production. Additionally, the influence of particle size on material properties such as density, porosity, and macrostructure remains under-researched. This study aims to address this gap by examining the effects of particle size and sodium silicate binder on the physical properties of crucibles made from evaporation boat waste. Crucibles were prepared with varying particle sizes (100, 120, 140, 170, and 200 mesh) and a 15% sodium silicate binder. Density, porosity, and macrostructure were analyzed, showing that smaller particle sizes led to higher density and lower porosity. Optical macrostructure analysis indicated a more homogeneous and compacte structure for finer particles. The results showed that the 200 mesh particle size achieved the highest density of 2.138 g/cm³, representing a 5.1% increase over the lowest density of 2.0343 g/cm³. The 200 mesh sample also exhibited the lowest porosity of 1.14%, a 2.7% decrease from the largest particle size.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rusiyanto Rusiyanto, Rifky Ismail, Athanasius Priharyoto Bayuseno, Deni Fajar Fitriyana, Aldias Bahatmaka, Wirawan Sumbodo, Ninda Kurniadi, Willy Gumilang Toh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of abrasive material, spraying pressure, and nozzle angle on roughness of ASTM A36 steel in sandblasting processes
Sandblasting is a surface treatment process in which abrasive particles are propelled at high speed toward a material’s surface to remove contaminants such as dust, paint, rust, and oil, producing a clean, rough texture. This study investigates the influence of spraying pressure, abrasive media type, and nozzle angle on the surface roughness of ASTM A36 steel. The experiment compared sandblasting results using aluminium oxide grit 60 and silica grit 60 at pressures of 5 bar and 7 bar, with firing angles of 45° and 90°. Surface roughness was measured using a roughness tester, and surface morphology was analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The highest average roughness (Ra) for aluminium oxide was 3.819 μm at a 90° angle and 7 bar pressure, while the lowest was 2.593 μm at 45° and 5 bar. For silica abrasives, the maximum Ra was 3.651 μm under 90°–7 bar conditions, and the minimum was 2.650 μm at 45°–5 bar. These results confirm that higher pressure and perpendicular firing angles generally produce rougher surfaces due to greater abrasive energy transfer. Overall, the findings indicate that spraying pressure, firing angle, and abrasive media type significantly affect surface roughness, providing valuable insights for optimizing sandblasting parameters in industrial surface preparation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Riky Stepanus Situmorang, Novin Haritsyah, James Haryanto, Hendrik Voice Sihombing http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis of hybrid semiconductors based on modified polyethylene and SrTiO3 with improved electronic and optical properties
The fabrication of hybrid semiconducting materials comprising polymers and ceramics is a novel approach that has gained significant traction for designing multifunctional materials with improved electronic and optical properties. In this research, the design of a heterojunction hybrid material comprising polyethylene (PE) and Strontium Titanate (SrTiO3) was explored through extensive simulations using Materials Studio. SrTiO3 nanoparticles were dispersed in the polyethylene matrix at specific filler loadings to analyze the structural compatibility and charge-transfer phenomenon between the two constituents. The structural analysis showed increased structural compatibility and stability in the hybrid system, with improved molecular packing and reduced free volume at the interface. Electronic properties analysis revealed a heterojunction formed by the interaction between PE and SrTiO3, which altered the band structure, reduced the energy gap, and improved charge-carrier mobility compared to pristine polyethylene.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ismat Jahan Jony, Umida Shabarova, Anora Jumayeva, Aziz Salimov, Eldor Togayev, Gulkhayo Umidjonova, Umida Abdurakhmatova, Akbar Abdiev, Madina Murodillayeva, Sirojiddin Kengboev, Erkin Yakubov, Barat Abdurahmanov, Axmad Nurmuxamedov, Bakhodir Abdullayev, Murodjon Samadiy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sedimentation based process development for Li2CO3 and Mg–K–Ca–PO4–SO4 fertilizer recovery from Aral Sea brine
The high salinity of Aral Sea water, as well as high amounts of accompanying magnesium, potassium, and sulfate ions, significantly limit the rational use of these waters for lithium extraction. The effective separation of these impurities is a complex scientific and technological task that requires selective and economically justified solutions. The current study evaluates the feasibility of Aral Sea water purification using a chemical precipitation method for the removal of magnesium and potassium compounds and sulfate ions. The method is based on the selective precipitation of magnesium and potassium in the form of double phosphate salt KMgPO4 using sodium hydrogen phosphate as the precipitating agent, with the precipitation of sulfate ions as calcium sulfate dihydrate. The key process variables, including reagent proportions, pH, temperature, and precipitation time, were examined and optimized to achieve maximum purification efficiency. The removal efficiency under the established optimal conditions reached 97.1% for magnesium compounds, 96.3% for potassium, and 93.4% for sulfate ions. The precipitates obtained had stable phase composition and good filtration properties, thus improving the technological feasibility of the proposed method. The findings confirm the high efficiency of the proposed method and its great potential for deep purification of highly mineralized waters.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bakhodir Abdullayev, Khojakbar Egamberdiyev, Jasur Makhmayorov, Anvar Khudaykulov, Muslimbek Tuxliyev, Luiza Turdiqulova, Fayzulla Rakhmatullayev, Murodullo Rakhimov, Samugjon Nigmadjonov, Ozoda Sheralieva, Khusniddin Botirov, Dilafruz Gulboyeva, Tulkin Skakarov, Khusankhon Pulatov, Durbek Abdurashidov, Samadiy Murodjon http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Modelling of the Pyrimidine Derivatives Synthesis by Copper Oxide Nanoparticles as a Catalyst
This research article highlights how Bioactive Pyrimidine Derivatives were synthesized in an environmentally friendly manner via Green Chemistry using Copper Oxide (CuO) NanoParticles (NPs) as recyclable catalysts through the multicombination Biginelli Reaction. The CuO NPs (approximately 18nm) were synthesized efficiently via a cost-effective, simple mechanical mixing/calcination method, with characterization verified with XRD, EDX, FESEM, and FTIR. The one-pot condensation reaction of the three starting reagents (aldehydes, acetylacetone, and urea) was achieved in 30 minutes at 80°C with yields of approximately 90 to 95%, which produced a major compound, (5-acetyl-6-methyl-4-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one). Box-Behnken design (BBD) design of experiments together with response surface methodology (RSM) using Design-Expert 13 was performed on the condensation reaction to determine the optimal conditions (1mmol of initial aldehyde, 1mmol of urea, 1mmol of acetylacetone, 0.1g of catalyst) and establish a predictive neural network model with R2=0.8684 and Adeq Precision=7.74. CuO NPs outperformed traditional and existing types of catalysts (CdO NPs and copper acetate), exhibited products with tolerance to a wide range of substituents (H, NO2, OH); additionally, they provided consistent three (3) to four (4) cycles of continuous activity, demonstrating a sustainable, scalable method for producing pharmacologically active dihydropyrimidinones.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asmaa M. Abdullah, Mohammed Z. Thani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Process-Integrated Hydrogen Energy Storage, Carbon Capture, and PEV Coordination in Renewable-Assisted Power Systems: A Chemical Engineering Optimization Perspective
This study presents a process-integrated framework for hydrogen energy storage and post-combustion carbon capture within renewable-assisted power systems, explicitly incorporating plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) interactions. In contrast to conventional economic load dispatch (ELD) formulations that treat hydrogen and carbon capture as simplified energy components, the proposed approach adopts a process-oriented representation of electrolyzer-based hydrogen production, fuel cell energy conversion, and amine-based CO₂ absorption. The framework captures the coupling between electrical energy flows and chemical processes through energy–mass balance relationships and efficiency constraints. PEVs are modelled as flexible electrochemical storage systems with bidirectional vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capability, enabling dynamic interaction with system demand. The integrated model is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem, considering operating cost and emission reduction, and is solved using the Zebra Optimization Algorithm (ZOA). The framework is evaluated on a standard ten-unit test system under multiple operational scenarios. Results indicate that renewable and PEV integration reduces emissions by 19% and operating cost by 10%. The inclusion of hydrogen energy storage and 90% efficient carbon capture achieves approximately 80% emission reduction with a moderate increase in cost. These findings highlight the significance of incorporating process-level chemical engineering principles into power system optimization, demonstrating that coordinated hydrogen production, utilization, and carbon capture can substantially enhance decarbonization performance while maintaining system feasibility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abhilasha Pawar, Y V Krishna Reddy, Víctor Daniel Jiménez Macedo, Lizina Khatua, Feroz Shaik, Subhasis Datta, Kamalika Tiwari, C. KARNAN http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Thermoelectric properties of naphthalene bridge tetracyanoquinodimethane based molecular Junctions
This determined the electrical characteristics of the six-naphthalene bridge tetracyanoquinodimethane dye that were suggested. The characteristics were determined by plotting energy and temperature against one another. The SIESTA-trunk-426 program was used for the relaxation of the dyes under study by employing the Generalized Gradient Approximation/Double Zeta Density Functional Theory (GGA/DZ-DFT). The Gollum program was employed for The SIESTA-trunk-426 algorithm was used to relax the dyes under examination using the Generalized Gradient Approximation/Double Zeta Density Functional Theory (GGA/DZ-DFT). Calculating the electrical characteristics of the dyes under study. Initially, each dye was inserted between two gold electrodes, and the dye, along with the confined layers of the electrodes, were allowed to react a second time to form the relaxed structures. Electrical conductivity, conductance, thermal conductivity, and the Seebeck coefficient were examined.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asrra Modhir Habeeb, Hussein Neama Najeeb, Qussay Mohammed Salman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable biowaste activated carbons for cleaner wastewater treatment by adsorption: A review
The rapid expansion of industrial activities alongside the depletion of natural resources has intensified the global demand for sustainable wastewater treatment technologies. Activated carbon derived from biowaste precursors presents a superior eco-friendly and economically viable alternative to conventional fossil-based materials while advancing the strategic goals of a circular economy. This comprehensive review evaluates synthesis pathways encompassing conventional and hydrothermal carbonization, physical and chemical activation mechanisms, and the technical advantages offered by microwave-assisted heating. Systematic synthesis of literature demonstrates that biowaste-based activated carbon possesses exceptional morphological characteristics and adsorption capacities that frequently surpass commercial standards for the remediation of synthetic dyes, heavy metals, and pharmaceutical contaminants. Despite these advancements, this review identifies a critical research gap regarding the persistent difficulty in standardizing final product quality due to the inherent chemical and structural variability of diverse biomass precursors. Furthermore, the lack of performance evaluation in multi-component pollutant systems fails to accurately reflect the complex chemical interactions of real-world industrial wastewater streams. This fundamental discrepancy between controlled experimental success and rigorous industrial requirements continues to be the primary obstacle preventing the widespread implementation of biowaste-derived adsorbents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irene Nindita Pradnya, Widi Astuti, Rafeqah Raslan, Maharani Kusumaningrum, Maulida Zakia, Resna Auliyah Hasanah, Nadifa Alya Fauziah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Methods of lithium recovery from geothermal water: Current status, problems, and development prospects
With the rapid development of lithium-based new energy industries worldwide, traditional lithium extraction technologies face resource scarcity, environmental pollution, and high energy consumption, calling for the exploration of more sustainable alternatives. Based on this, geothermal brine resources have played an important role in lithium exploration due to the development of efficient recovery technologies. This paper establishes a general framework for evaluating lithium extraction technology from geothermal resources, including resource characteristics, development advantages, technology comparisons, and technology synergies. It discusses the global lithium resources, the advantages and key technologies of extracting lithium from geothermal resources, the key challenges in the technology, and the future. The key technologies include evaporation-crystallization, chemical precipitation, adsorption, solvent extraction, electrochemical, and membrane separation. Of these, membrane technology, especially forward osmosis, has become an important research hotspot. The development of geothermal lithium technology has become an important direction for the future, providing important guidance for the development of geothermal resources and the theory of the green transition in the global new energy industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gulkhayo Umidjonova, Sukhrob Nurov, Madina Dustmurodova, Dilfuza Otaqulova, Khilola Mamatova, Nasiba Abdukadirova, Alexey Nimchik, Taxir Tashbayev, Sunbulla Rajabova, Davron Begmatov, Latofat Jamolova, Ravshan Eshonkulov, Bakhodir Abdullayev, Murodjon Samadiy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A comprehensive review of agricultural waste-derived activated carbon for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture using PRISMA methodology
The rising concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere underscores the critical need to develop efficient, scalable, and sustainable carbon capture technologies. Activated carbon (AC) is one of the materials currently being widely developed for carbon capture. The effectiveness of AC for carbon capture depends on its characteristics, such as surface area and functional group content, which vary with the synthesis process. This comprehensive review presents an in-depth evaluation of the synthesis pathways for AC derived from agricultural waste, with particular attention to activation and modification techniques to enhance CO₂ adsorption. It also further examines key parameters influencing the physicochemical properties of these materials, including pore structure, surface area, and surface chemistry. The review process follows the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines to ensure transparency and reproducibility. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined to identify the most relevant studies and to systematically collect and synthesize pertinent data. The review identified that chemical activation, particularly with KOH, H₃PO₄, and ZnCl₂, substantially enhances the surface area, pore development, and surface functionality of AC, thereby improving CO₂ adsorption capacity. Among various activation techniques, KOH activation consistently yields the highest specific surface areas and well-developed microporous structures suitable for CO₂ adsorption. Modification strategies, such as heteroatom doping and metal impregnation, further enhance the basicity and selectivity of AC toward CO₂ molecules by increasing the number of active sites and tuning surface chemistry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Widi Astuti, Dwi Putri S Aritonang, Maya Anggraeni, Nagistra Tiwa Lira, Dian Ratri Pramudhita, Irene Nindita Pradnya, Triastuti Sulistyaningsih, Megawati, Zulfa Ajrina Fitri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Calcium and vitamin D3 fortification of almond milk: A chemical engineering approach to enhancing nutritional quality and mineral bioavailability
Background: The increasing demand for plant-based dairy alternatives has highlighted almond milk as a popular option due to its favorable sensory properties and suitability for individuals with lactose intolerance or milk protein sensitivity. However, its inherently low levels of calcium and vitamin D3 limit its nutritional equivalence to cow’s milk, particularly in populations with higher mineral requirements. Aim: This study aimed to enhance the nutritional and functional quality of almond milk through calcium and vitamin D3 fortification, while evaluating its physicochemical characteristics, mineral bioavailability, and sensory acceptability. Methods: Almond milk was prepared using an almond-to-water ratio of 1:4, followed by fortification with calcium chloride (0.3 g/100 mL) and vitamin D3 (80 IU/100 mL). Physicochemical properties were analyzed using standard methods, while calcium bioavailability was assessed using an in vitro digestion model based on the INFOGEST protocol. Mineral quantification was performed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Sensory evaluation was conducted to assess product acceptability. Results: Fortification significantly increased calcium content from 13.99 to 120 mg/100 mL without altering macronutrient composition. Physicochemical parameters such as density, electrical conductivity, and total salts increased, indicating effective dissolution and homogeneous distribution of the added minerals. In vitro digestion revealed progressive calcium release, with bioavailability reaching 65.41% during the intestinal phase. Sensory evaluation demonstrated high acceptability, with no adverse effects on flavor, texture, or appearance. Conclusion: Calcium and vitamin D3 fortification effectively improves the nutritional profile and functional performance of almond milk. The integration of food science and chemical engineering principles enables the development of a stable, bioavailable, and consumer-acceptable plant-based beverage, supporting its potential as a viable alternative to dairy milk.
Copyright (c) 2026 Teba Yasser Fakri, Sumyia Khalaf Badawi, Yasser Fakri Mustafa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0