Applied Chemical Engineering (ACE) is an international open-access academic journal dedicated to publishing highly professional research in all fields related to chemical engineering. All manuscripts are subjected to a rigorous double-blind peer review process, to ensure quality and originality. We are interested inthe original research discoveries. This journal also features a wide range of research in ancillary areas relevant to chemistry. ACE publishes original research articles, review articles, editorials, case reports, letters, brief commentaries, perspectives, methods, etc. The research topics of ACE include but are not limited to: 1. Analytical Chemistry 2. Chemical Engineering 3. Materials chemistry 4. Material synthesis 5. Catalysis 6. Process chemistry and technology 7. Quantum chemistry method 8. Environmental chemical engineering 9. Bio-energy, resources, pollution 10.Reaction kinetics 11. Nanotechnology and bioreactors 12. Surface, coating and film Starting from Volume 7, Issue 2 of 2024, Applied Chemical Engineering (ACE) will be published by Arts and Science Press Pte. Ltd. Please turn to the journal website for new submissions.
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Molecular docking and molecular dynamic of new thioguanine derivatives as histone deacetylase inhibitors
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDAC-I) comprise structurally diverse molecules that are a group of targeted anticancer agents. Thioguanine is Purine derivatives used for acute myeloid leukemia treatment. A five new proposed analogs of thioguanine was investigated through molecular docking simulation to assess their binding affinity and therapeutic activity. Molecular dynamic (MD) modeling was conducted for 100 nanoseconds (ns) to investigate the molecular stability of the proposed compounds with the best docking results with histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC-2) and histone deacetylase-8 (HDAC-8) binding pocket. Root mean square deviation (RMSDs) for the ligands and complexes concerning their initial locations inside the active site has been reported and examined.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mustafa M. Mukhlif, Ameer H. Alwash, Saraa M. Harbi, Shymaa A. Husein, Mohammed Khalid Abbood, Hind A. Yaseen http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental Remediation of Malachite Green Dye by Use of SA-g-P(AAc-MA)/TiO2 Nanocomposite
This study involved the use of sodium alginate (SA)-g-poly (acrylic acid (AAc)-maleic acid (MA))/titanium dioxide (SA-g-P(AAc-MA)/TiO2) nanocomposite. The material undergo synthesis by the method of free radical copolymerization for its application in malachite green (MG) dye removal from water. The analysis of the prepared material was carried out by various analytical methods that revealed the presence of different functional groups on the adsorbent’s heterogeneous and porous surface. The findings of study showed that nearly 99.56% of MG dye removal take place when solution pH was 2 within 180 min at room temperature. The maximal capacity of adsorbent for dye removal was observed to be 185.2 mg/g. Overall, the study followed pseudo second kinetic and Freundlich isotherm model. Thermodynamic analysis demonstrated the process was spontaneous (ΔG = -13.233 kJ/mol) and endothermic (ΔH = 27.088 kJ/mol). These results of study showed effectiveness of nanocomposite for dye adsorption from water.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hayder H. Shubbar, Khudhair M. Mahdi, Khamael abdulsalam Abdul halwas*, Layth S. Jasim, Maryam Batool http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design, synthesis, and in vitro biological activity of five- and six-membered heterocycles naproxen derivatives
This research details the synthesis of new triazole derivatives from the anti-inflammatory drug naproxen and evaluates their biological activity. Naproxen was converted into a key intermediate by reacting it with thiocarbohydrazide. From comp. (1), a series of novel compounds, including (2), (3), and (4), were synthesized. The structures of these derivatives were confirmed through FT-IR, H1-NMR, and C13-NMR spectroscopy and melting point analysis. The biological assessment revealed that the newly synthesized compounds possess potent anti-inflammatory effects. Compounds (1), (2), (3), and (4) were particularly active, showing 60.85% anti-inflammatory activity, which is significantly higher than naproxen's 53.3%. Furthermore, LD50 results indicated that the derivatives have low toxicity. These promising results warrant further research into their other potential pharmacological applications, such as antibacterial and antiviral properties.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nagham Majid Abdulhassan*, Abdul Jabar Kh. Atia, Falah S. Al-Fartusie http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Intelligence in Predictive Toxicology: Modelling Xenobiotic Interactions and Human Risk Assessment
Development of novel, rapid and robust approaches to toxicity screening has been accelerated by the expanding diversity of xenobiotics in pharmaceuticals, agriculture and industrial processes. The classical animal-based in vivo approach is slow, expensive and ethically restricted, thus stimulating the interest in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) as a data-powered technique to predict chemical hazards. Recent advances, challenges, and opportunities in this regard are reviewed here, focusing on achievements in machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) modelling, omics-supported toxicity prediction, and the integration of these with physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. AI approaches can predict hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, endocrine disruption and multi-endpoint toxicity through high-dimensional chemical, biological and exposure data analysis. The use of these new tools to make predictions about the impact of chemical exposure in humans, using AI assisted PBPK modelling and toxicodynamic prediction can potentially assist risk assessors by increasing the accuracy with which internal dose may be predicted, allow for detection of vulnerable subpopulations or simply move us to a position where we are making decisions on data that puts prevention more proactively into action. The review also discusses present challenges with respect to data imbalance, low interpretability and variable data curation which hinder regulatory approval. Top emerging opportunities, including explainable AI, digital twins, and federated learning, have the potential to develop transparent, generalizable, and ethically aligned toxicological frameworks. By translating methodological improvements to real-world challenges, this review adds input to the global picture for safer chemical design and sustainable risk governance progress, with support of SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action).
Copyright (c) 2025 S. Manjula Gandhi, S. Sugumaran, N. Alangudi Balaji, Govindarajan Murali, Amruta Kundalik Mule, Harish Velingkar, Anant Sidhappa Kurhade, Muralidhar Ingale http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of heavy metal migration from surface and groundwater to irrigated soil and wheat plants in some areas of central Iraq
This research investigates the deposition of heavy metals – lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) from surface water and groundwater sources to soil and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants in Babylon central Iraq region. To achieve the purpose of determining space and season variability, water, soil and wheat samples were taken in two seasons, autumn and spring Metal. Concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectro-photometry and X-ray fluorescence, and pollution indices were computed to examine the extent of pollution. The investigation found river water, particularly in autumn, to contain elevated concentrations of Pb (up to 0.82 mg/L) and Cu (up to 3.60 mg/L) above World Health Organization safety levels. Conversely, the concentrations of all the metals were extremely low in well water. River water-irrigated soil showed greater metal concentration than well water-irrigated soil, whereas the concentration of metals in wheat grains was within the permissible limit for human intake. From the research, surface water sources are widely contaminated and can represent an environmental hazard upon exposure to high levels of use for agricultural irrigation. Conversely, groundwater resources seem to offer a cleaner and longer lasting alternative to use in agriculture in this case.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hussien Abdulhamid Al-Khafaji, Maha Hussein Hashem, Abbas AL-Wotaify, Haider Farhan, Raad Shahad http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Energy consumption analysis of SLA and FDM printing: A comparative study using power meter data
Additive manufacturing (AM) is transitioning from rapid prototyping toward sustainable, production-level technologies, making energy efficiency a critical performance metric alongside part quality. Among AM methods, Stereolithography (SLA) and Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) dominate consumer and industrial adoption, yet their comparative energy footprints remain insufficiently quantified. Existing literature reports FDM printers typically draw 100–250 W due to heated beds and extrusion systems, whereas SLA systems generally consume 50–100 W, but most studies rely on manufacturer specifications rather than empirical data. To address this gap, this work conducts a state-of-the-art comparative energy analysis of SLA and FDM printing using real-time wattmeter monitoring under standardized benchmark conditions. Using a Bambu Lab A1 (FDM) and an ELEGOO Saturn 4 Ultra (SLA), identical parts (~20 cm³) were printed, and consumption normalized by part mass and volume. Results revealed that FDM consumed 81.3 Wh/part (0.89 Wh/g, 0.98 Wh/cm³) with peak loads of 265 W, while SLA required only 48.2 Wh/part (0.51 Wh/g, 0.57 Wh/cm³) with a maximum of 112 W. SLA also exhibited lower standby power (2.8 Wh/h vs. 6.1 Wh/h for FDM) and reduced variability (±3.2% vs. ±7.4%), highlighting its stability and efficiency. These findings extend prior state-of-the-art studies by providing empirical, high-resolution energy profiles across full print cycles and normalized metrics, enabling fair comparison. By positioning SLA as more energy-efficient for high-resolution parts and FDM as more favorable for mechanically demanding applications, this study contributes to sustainable AM practice and supports decision-making aligned with SDGs 7, 9, 12, and 13.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sanan Thaer Abdalwahab, Mustafa Moaied Rabeaa2, Haider Falih Shamikh Al-Saedi,Shahlaa Majid J. , Jaber Hameed Hussain, Mohannad Mohammed, Israa Alhani, Abdul Sattar Jabbar Taha http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis of CoCrNiOx high entropy oxide catalyst and its oxidative desulfurization performance
The production of ultraclean fuel represents a big challenge for scientists and workers in the petroleum industry because the presence of sulfur in the fuel may have severe consequences for human health and the environment. Oxidative desulfurisation (ODS) is a promising technology when compared with classical hydrodesulfurisation (HDS). In this work, the production of a new catalyst for the ODS process, in which a mixed oxide catalyst was synthesised by mechanochemistry mixing of three metal chlorides (cobalt, nickel, and chromium chlorides), and the atmospheric oxygen was used as an oxidant agent for Iraqi gasoil desulfurisation in an aerobic oxidative desulfurisation (AODS). The prepared catalyst was characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The study included an investigation of the effect of catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, and oxidation time. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the performance of the AODS reaction and to evaluate the main impact of the studied variables, as well as the interaction and quadratic effects, for determining the optimum condition. According to the findings obtained from the regression analysis, the experimental data were fitted to a quadratic model with a high correlation coefficient (R² 0.9839), adjusted correlation coefficient (Adj. R² 0.9419), and predicted correlation coefficient (Pred. R² 0.7419). The AODS process was applied with a maximum sulfur removal efficiency of 99% under operating conditions of 0.75 g catalyst dosage, 200 °C reaction temperature, and 60 minutes reaction time. The experimental sulfur removal efficiency was in satisfactory agreement with the predicted efficiency of 98.12%. Analysis of variation (ANOVA) shows that oxidation time is the most significant factor affecting sulfur removal efficiency, followed by reaction temperature and catalyst dosage, as indicated by their F-values.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muntasser Sahib Taha, Hameed Hussein Alwan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Bokashi Organic Fertilizer, Balanced Mineral Fertilizer, and Foliar Application of Selenium and Silicon Nanoparticles on Soil Sustainability and the Growth and Yield of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
The study aimed to evaluate the impact of organic, mineral, and nano-enabled fertilizers on soil sustainability and the growth and yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea). A field experiment was conducted during the autumn season of 2024 in District 41, Babil Governorate, Iraq, using 16 treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Treatments included EM Bokashi bio-organic fertilizer, balanced NPK mineral fertilizer, and foliar sprays of silicon and selenium nanoparticles, applied individually or in combinations. The integrated treatment of EM Bokashi + NPK + SiNPs + SeNPs significantly improved soil fertility indicators (N, P, K, organic matter, and cation exchange capacity), enhanced microbial populations, and produced the highest plant growth and yield attributes, including a marketable yield of 100.42 Mg ha⁻¹. These findings highlight the potential of combining organic, mineral, and nano-fertilizers as a sustainable strategy to improve soil health, crop productivity, and future agricultural profitability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Montather Hussein Khalaf* , Hayawi W. A. Al-Juthery http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review study for carbon dioxide capturing technologies
Greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO₂, continue to drive global warming and threaten energy security. This review evaluates current CO₂ capture technologies—including membrane separation, cryogenic separation, chemical absorption, adsorption using porous solids, chemical looping, and microalgae-based carbon capture. While advanced, conventional CCS methods face challenges such as high energy demand, costly infrastructure, solvent degradation, and environmental risks. Among emerging alternatives, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and microalgae cultivation show strong potential for achieving negative emissions. Vertical tubular photobioreactors and flue-gas-fed cultivation systems demonstrate high biomass productivity and effective CO₂ biofixation. This review summarizes the advantages and limitations of each technology and highlights the need for developing low-energy solvents, durable membrane materials, optimized adsorption media, and cost-effective microalgae cultivation systems. These insights support future efforts to improve the economic viability and environmental sustainability of CO₂ mitigation technologies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asmaa Ayed Fhed, Shurooq T. Al-Humair, Riyadh S. Al-Mukhtar, Zahraa Zahraw Al-Janabi, Manal Mohamed Adel, Ali Hussain Al-Sarji, Auwal Aliyu, Islam Md Rizwanul Fattah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cr (III), Mn (II), Co (II), and Ni (II) complexes with a bidentate Mannich base: Synthesis, bioevaluation, and docking studies of the free ligand
The design and synthesis of novel coordination compounds have attracted considerable interest in the field of inorganic chemistry field, particularly as a result of Mannich base ligands’ capability of forming stable complexes with metal ions often result in an enhancement of the chemical and physical characteristics. In the present study, a new Mannich base ligand was synthesized by condensing benzaldehyde, di-benzylamine, and 5-chloro-2-mercapto-oxazole. The ligand has been thoroughly characterized using elemental analysis (CHNS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR), and mass spectrometry. As a result, the ligand’s coordination complexes with ions of Co (II), Cr (III), Mn (II), and Ni (II) had been synthesized and characterized through FT-IR, magnetic susceptibility measurements, UV-Vis spectroscopy, molar conductivity, and elemental analyses for the purpose of elucidating their electronic and structural features. FTIR spectra had confirmed the ligand’s bidentate coordination mode across all metal complexes. The electronic spectra and magnetic moment data indicated that the resulting complexes are of a variety of geometries according to the center of the metal. Molar conductivity measures have revealed that all complexes exhibited non-electrolytic behavior in the solutions suggesting high structural integrity and stability level. In addition to that, molecular docking studies were performed on the free ligand using the gold program to evaluate its possible interactions with the targeted enzyme’s active site. The docking analyses showed that ligand has the ability to effectively interact with residues of key amino acids within the enzyme’s active site, which results in the formation of stable binding conformations in addition to extensive bonding of hydrogen bonds, which support its possible biological activities. Additionally, the biological activities of the synthesized ligand and the biological activities of its metal complexes were assessed in vitro against bacterial strains, which include Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, in addition to some fungal species, like Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus flavus. The MICs (i.e., minimum inhibitory concentrations) were determined to assess the compounds’ anti-microbial potency. Standard antibiotics, Fluconazole and Ampicillin, have been used as reference drugs. Results showed that metal complexes exhibited an improved anti-microbial activity compared with the reference drugs and free ligands, which has highlighted their potential for a wider range of pharmaceutical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marwa Jassim Al-Muhamadawi*, Rehab Abdul Mahdi Al-Hassani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of FDM process parameters using fuzzy AHP–TOPSIS for PLA-Based green composites
The global shift toward sustainable manufacturing has intensified interest in eco-friendly materials and optimized processing strategies for additive manufacturing technologies such as Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). Polylactic acid (PLA)-based green composites have emerged as promising candidates due to their biodegradability, low environmental impact, and compatibility with FDM systems. However, the optimization of FDM process parameters for such composites remains a significant challenge due to the inherent trade-offs between mechanical performance, energy consumption, and material sustainability. This study addresses this gap by employing an integrated multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework—Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy AHP) combined with Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)—to identify optimal FDM parameter settings for PLA-based green composites. Key process parameters, including layer thickness, print speed, infill density, and nozzle temperature, are evaluated against performance criteria such as tensile strength, surface finish, material utilization, and energy efficiency. Literature reports suggest optimal ranges such as 0.1–0.2 mm for layer thickness, 40–60 mm/s for print speed, and 80–100% for infill density to enhance part strength and minimize waste. The Fuzzy AHP–TOPSIS approach enables robust decision-making under uncertainty, providing a sustainable design methodology aligned with SDGs 4 (Quality Education), 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), and 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). This study establishes a foundational framework for future experimental validation and promotes informed parameter selection for sustainable, high-performance FDM manufacturing of PLA-based green composites.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hayjaa Mohaisen Mousa, Ala’a D. Noor, Haider Falih Shamikh Al-Saedi, Shahlaa Majid J., Jaber Hameed Hussain, Mohannad Mohammed, Israa Alhani, Baraa G. Alani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A study of the process of evaporation of mother liquors formed during the production of double salts of glaserite and schoenite
This article presents data on the synthesis process of glaserite and schoenite through a two-stage transformation of astrakhanite. The first stage involves the initial conversion of astrakhanite, followed by a secondary transformation aimed at producing potassium sulfate. To facilitate the separation of sodium chloride and enhance the yield of potassium chloride in the final products, the evaporation behaviour of glaserite and schoenite mother liquors was investigated. During glaserite mother liquor evaporation, filtration at elevated temperatures results in the near-complete crystallisation of sodium chloride, while filtration at low temperatures almost entirely facilitates the crystallisation of mirabilite. This creates the potential for successful sodium chloride separation from the mother liquor and the creation of positive conditions for potassium sulfate recovery enhancement in the subsequent process steps. For the schoenite mother liquor, hot filtration following the evaporation leads to the solid phase being approximately 33.5% schoenite, 1.7% arcanite, 56.0% bischofite, 7.9% magnesium sulfate, and 11.8% unknown crystalline phases. The solid phase composition at the cold condition is significantly different from that of schoenite and arcanite, increasing to 54.8% and 27.6%, respectively. It is established that the solid material obtained by hot filtration of the schoenite mother solution is fit for the purposes in the processes of bischofite manufacturing, and the precipitate obtained by cold filtration can be used directly in the form of ready-to-use fertiliser.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nafisa Ulasheva, Bakhrom Kucharov, Aktam Erkaev, Bakhtiyor Zakirov, Mashkhurakhon Yulbarsova, Davron Isabaev, Erkin Israilov, Surayyo Jumadullaeva, Gulnar Saparova, Atabek Kaipbergenov, Karjaubay Reymov, Sardor Sherkulov, Aziz Dustov, Odil Nazarov, Kakhramon Turayev, Bakhodir Abdullayev http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Lithium drop CuO composites synthesis and applications in adsorption.
The co-precipitation method was used to synthesize lithium-doped copper oxide nanocomposites. Several techniques analyze these materials. X-ray diffraction was used to assess the crystal structure and nanoscale dimensions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) determined the elemental composition. The study also examined the effectiveness of the CuO-LiO nanocomposite in adsorbing blue crystalline dye from an aqueous solution. Adsorption was tested using UV-Vis spectroscopy with an equilibrium time of 30 min and a surface weight of 0.015 g. Results showed that the adsorption percentage ranged from 19.5% to 48% at temperatures between 298 and 323 K. The thermodynamic functions ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS were calculated to determine the effect of temperature, revealing an endothermic adsorption process.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nuha Abdul-Saheb Ridha, Noor Mustafa Kamal, Ahmed Neamah Thamer Al-Yasiri, Shaymaa Hamzah Daylee http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Synthesis and Characterization of Wood-Fiber Reinforced PLA for Additive Manufacturing Applications
The rising demand for environmentally responsible manufacturing has intensified interest in biodegradable polymers for additive manufacturing (AM). Polylactic Acid (PLA), a bio-based thermoplastic, is widely utilized due to its renewability and ease of processing. However, its inherent brittleness, low thermal resistance, and limited mechanical strength restrict its suitability for structural or load-bearing applications. This study addresses these limitations by developing and characterizing wood fiber (WF)-reinforced PLA composites aimed at improving mechanical performance and sustainability in AM, particularly Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). Although natural fiber-reinforced biopolymers have shown promise, prior research often neglects eco-friendly processing, cost-effective preparation, and systematic optimization of fiber content and printing conditions. To overcome these gaps, sustainable composite filaments were produced using solvent-free melt compounding and extrusion techniques. Standardized specimens were fabricated via FDM and subjected to tensile, flexural, and compressive testing to assess mechanical properties. A multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach was further employed to optimize printing parameters, balancing strength, energy efficiency, and material utilization. Results demonstrate that PLA-WF composites exhibit significant property enhancements, with tensile and flexural strengths improving by ~18% and ~22%, respectively, compared to neat PLA. The addition of WF not only strengthens structural performance but also lowers cost and reduces environmental impact, while maintaining good printability and dimensional stability. These findings highlight the potential of PLA-WF composites as sustainable alternatives for functional AM components and align with multiple United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 9, SDG 12, SDG 13, and SDG 15.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hayjaa Mohaisen Mousa, Ahmed Abdullah Hussein, Abdullah H. Maad , Nibras Jamal, Fadhil M. Abid, Nour Sabah Kadhim Jaber Hameed Hussain , Muntadher Kadhum Sultan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Oyster Mushroom-Fortified Goat Meat Products
This study systematically evaluates the nutritional composition, sensory attributes, and antioxidant activity of pasture-raised goat meat products fortified with oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), diverging from conventional lamb-mushroom studies. Three innovative formulations—mushroom paste, dried soup, and ready-to-eat products—were developed, leveraging the natural antioxidant properties of mushrooms (0.7 mg GAE/g total phenolic content) to enhance product functionality. Key findings reveal: ① DPPH radical scavenging rates of 22.83–73.79% (day 0), with synergistic effects between mushroom phenolics and meat proteins reducing thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS, an indicator of lipid oxidation) values to 0.52–0.86 mg/kg after 3-month storage, demonstrating effective inhibition of lipid peroxidation; ② Seventeen amino acids, dominated by glutamic acid (1.38–7.28 g/100g), enhancing umami flavor; ③ Optimized fatty acid profiles, with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, 60.5%) in mushroom paste and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA, 45.98%) in dried soup; ④ Microbiological safety (total counts <10³ CFU/g over 6 months). This research innovatively demonstrates that mushroom fortification not only improves nutritional balance (high protein, 26.0%; low saturated fat) but also mitigates goat meat gaminess naturally, offering a novel strategy for value-added goat meat product development and sustainable pasture management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jinzhuang Li, Bat-Ochir Munkhdelger, Zundui Erdene, Dashdorj Dashmaa* http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A novel hybrid reforming reactor for enhanced CO₂ conversion and hydrogen production: A CFD analysis
The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier has gained significant attention due to its environmentally friendly characteristics. Among various production methods, steam reforming of natural gas (CH₄) remains the most cost-effective and widely adopted technique. To enhance the efficiency and carbon utilization of this process, a novel hybrid steam and dry reforming reactor has been proposed, which utilizes the CO₂ produced from steam reforming within a dry reforming zone. In this study, a two-dimensional axisymmetric hybrid catalytic membrane reactor (CMR) model was developed for the production of pure hydrogen from natural gas, employing a Pd–Ru metallic membrane and a carbonate dual-phase membrane, integrated with Ni/Al₂O₃ and Rh/Al₂O₃ catalysts. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was employed to investigate the reactor’s performance in terms of methane conversion and hydrogen production under various operating conditions. These include reaction temperatures of 700, 800, 900, and 1000 K, a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 1000 h⁻¹, and a sweep gas Reynolds number (Re) of 100. Simulation results revealed that the CMR achieved a high hydrogen permeation rate on the permeate (tube) side, along with a maximum CH₄ conversion of approximately 99.9% at 1000 K on the retentate side within the steam reforming zone. Furthermore, the reactor demonstrated effective syngas production with near-complete CO₂ reduction on the dry reforming side, where CO₂ concentrations at the reactor outlet approached zero at 1000 K. These findings highlight the promising potential of the hybrid combined membrane reactor (CMR) system for efficient hydrogen production and near-complete carbon utilization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Khalid Mohsen*, Tahseen A. Al-Hattab http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficient adsorption of drugs from aqueous solution using a activated carbon derived from Iraqi date pits
This research investigates the use of activated carbon from Iraqi date pits as a novel and sustainable adsorbent for removing three key pharmaceutical drugs: sulfanilamide, sulfisoxazole, and amoxicillin, from contaminated water. The study systematically evaluated crucial factors like equilibrium time, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature to optimize the drug removal process. To understand the underlying mechanisms, various adsorption isotherm models were tested, with the (Freundlich, Elovich and Timken) where values range between (0.931, 0.9359 and 0.8867) model proving to be the best fit. This suggests a multilayer adsorption process, where drug molecules form a single layer on the surface of the activated carbon. The investigation of thermodynamic parameters (∆G, ∆H, and ∆S) further confirmed that the adsorption process was spontaneous where values (-1036.74,-231.775and-534.019).In addition, kinetic studies demonstrated that the pseudo-second-order model provided the most accurate description of the adsorption process for all three drugs. This was supported by exceptionally high correlation coefficients (R2) = 0.9992 for sulfanilamide, 1 for sulfisoxazole, and 0.9995 for amoxicillin. In conclusion, the findings strongly affirm that activated carbon derived from Iraqi date pits is a highly promising, cost-effective, and sustainable adsorbent for treating water contaminated with pharmaceuticals. This work paves the way for the development of new, environmentally friendly materials for water purification.
Copyright (c) 2025 Noor Mohammed Khadum*, lekaa Hussein Khadum http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A comparative study of the theoretical and practical values of ionization constants for amino acid derivatives in the neutral and anionic states
A theoretical study was conducted to determine the ionization constants of several amino acid derivatives (2,4-dinitrophenyl amino acids) through density functional theory and using two types of basic bases, CC PV-DZ and (6311-G)d,p. The accuracy of these two bases was determined in the negative and neutral states of the studied compounds. This was achieved by studying several physical variables and theoretically calculated energy functions, and the extent of their correlation with the values of the ionization constants calculated practically, where these variables were linked to the known values of amino acids. The results derived from this correlation were found to be good. The basic rule showed greater accuracy in the theoretical results when compared to the experimental results. There was also greater agreement between the results for the compounds in the negative state, more recently than in the neutral state, due to the electronic interpretations of the chemical structures of the compounds studied in the negative state.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Abdulrazaq Mahdy1, Noor H. M. Saeed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Weathering indices and mineralogical composition of the sand fraction in soils from the western desert of holy Karbala governorate, Iraq
This study focuses on analyzing the mineral composition of sand fraction was separated from clay and silt in selected soils of the Western Desert in Karbala Governorate, Iraq, and assessing the intensity of Mineral Weathering Index MWI and ZTR indicators. Sixteen samples were collected from depths of 0–30 cm, sand was separated from clay and silt, then light and heavy minerals were identified with polarized light microscope. The results showed that monocrystalline quartz dominated by 21.1-26.9%, while polycrystalline quartz ranged between 2.7–4.6%. Feldspar content ranged 2-3.9%, and carbonate rock fragments accounted for 28.2–40.2%. Heavy minerals were the most abundant which resented by iron oxides at 39.5-47.7%. Chlorite is present with 7.8-10.1%, biotite mica 4.4-6.5%, and muscovite 4.9–6.9%. Unstable minerals such as pyroxene and amphiboles ranged from 3.4–6.8%. MWI values ranged from 0.33-0.44, and ZTR values between 21.1-26.9, moderate to low weathering and low to moderate mineral maturity. These results reflect the nature of sedimentary deposits and the impact of a dry desert environment on limited chemical weathering.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shireen Mudhafar Ali Alkhalil http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AI Applications in Smart Mineral Processing: Ore Characterization, Sorting, and Efficiency
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly vital in modern mineral processing, where it addresses critical challenges such as falling ore grades, rising energy costs, and the demand for sustainable operations. Despite notable progress, most existing studies focus on individual applications like ore sorting or predictive maintenance and lack a holistic view of AI-enabled mineral processing systems. This review aims to bridge that gap by examining how AI tools can be integrated into a unified workflow that spans ore characterization, sorting, and real-time process optimization. Using a structured review of research articles, industrial case studies, and technical reports from 2015 to 2025, the study evaluates key AI techniques including machine learning, computer vision, digital twins, and predictive modelling. Findings indicate that AI has improved ore recovery by up to 30% in smart sorting systems and reduced equipment downtime by as much as 50% through predictive maintenance. These results demonstrate AI’s ability to enhance both productivity and resource efficiency, though challenges related to data quality, system compatibility, and model interpretability persist. The review highlights the need for explainable AI, scalable digital twin architectures, and targeted workforce development to support wider adoption. Overall, the paper emphasizes the potential of AI to accelerate the transition toward intelligent, sustainable mining under the Mining 4.0 paradigm.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ramdas Biradar, Babaso A. Shinde, Milind Manikrao Darade, Tushar Gaikwad, Seeram Srinivasa Rao, Aarti Puri, Ashwini G. Thokal, Govindrajan Mural, Anant Sidhappa Kurhade http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UV–V’s Analytical Monitoring of Dye-Modified Polymers in FDM-AM Applications
The integration of functional dyes into thermoplastic polymers has emerged as a promising route to enhance material performance and expand application potential in fused deposition modeling additive manufacturing (FDM-AM). Dye-modified polymers exhibit unique optical, thermal, and mechanical properties that can be tailored for specialized applications, such as sensing, biomedical devices, and aesthetic-driven prototyping. However, systematic monitoring and characterization of dye incorporation remain challenging due to issues of uniform dispersion, thermal degradation during extrusion, and post-processing stability. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–V’s) spectroscopy provides a non-destructive, highly sensitive analytical tool for evaluating dye–polymer interactions, quantifying dye concentration, and monitoring spectral stability after the FDM-AM process. This article presents a comprehensive study of UV–V’s analytical monitoring of dye-modified polymers, with an emphasis on process-induced changes in absorbance spectra, wavelength shifts, and intensity variations. Using ASTM-referenced protocols, the study highlights the role of dye loading, extrusion temperature, and layer deposition on the optical response of the printed materials. The results indicate that UV–V’s monitoring enables early detection of dye leaching, polymer degradation, and non-uniformity in filament fabrication, thereby providing a reliable framework for quality control and functional assessment in AM workflows. The research establishes UV–V’s spectroscopy as an indispensable analytical technique for advancing the state-of-the-art in functional dye–polymer systems tailored for FDM-AM, while identifying pathways for optimizing process parameters to achieve stable and reproducible material performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Malak Fadel Mahdi , Sarah salam Ali, Hayder Hamid Abbas Al-Anbari, Muntadher Abed Hussein, Salah Abdulhadi Salih, Ammar S. Al Khafaji, Wael Dheaa Kadhim Al Ghezy, Duha Abed Almuhssen Muzahim, Sanan Thaer Abdalwahab, Maha H. Philip Rahmani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AI Applications in Tailings and Waste Management: Improving Safety, Recycling, and Water Utilization
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming tailings and waste management in the mining sector by improving safety, enhancing recycling efficiency, and optimizing water utilization. Traditional monitoring and waste handling approaches often lack scalability, real-time responsiveness, and predictive accuracy, limiting their effectiveness in preventing environmental and operational failures. This review systematically examines AI-driven applications across tailings dam safety, waste recycling, and intelligent water management, drawing insights from over 80 recent studies. Quantitative evidence indicates that AI-based monitoring systems can detect potential dam failures up to 30–40% earlier than conventional methods, while reinforcement learning and neural-network models improve mineral recovery by 10–25% with reduced chemical consumption. In water reuse operations, machine learning optimization achieves up to 35% savings in freshwater demand through closed-loop control. The paper highlights emerging integrations of AI with Explainable AI (XAI), Federated Learning (FL), and Circular Economy (CE) models that collectively support sustainable and transparent mining practices. Persistent barriers such as poor data quality, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of regulatory clarity are also discussed, along with future research directions. The findings demonstrate AI’s potential to transition mining operations toward safer, more efficient, and environmentally responsible systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manjusha Tatiya, Milind Manikrao Darade, Babaso A. Shinde, Mahesh Prakash Kumbhare, Rupali Dineshwar Taware, Sukhadip Mhankali Chougule, Swati Mukesh Dixit, Anant Sidhappa Kurhade http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Obtaining a new type of polymer materials based on recycled polyethylene waste, sulfur, and melamine
This study investigates the valorization of polyethylene household waste through chemical modification to develop environmentally sustainable composite materials. Secondary polyethylene (PE) was treated with elemental sulfur and melamine as chemical modifiers to enhance its properties. The modified PE was characterized using advanced spectroscopic techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and other analytical methods, in accordance with ISO standards. Physical and mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, elongation at break, and hardness, were systematically evaluated to assess the performance of the resulting composites. The integration of melamine and chemically modified sulfur into secondary PE yielded materials with improved mechanical robustness and functional characteristics suitable for various industrial and consumer applications. This approach demonstrates an effective strategy for reducing polyethylene waste by converting it into value-added, functional composites, thereby promoting ecological sustainability and waste minimization. The findings underscore the potential of chemically modified secondary polyethylene as a viable resource for sustainable material development, contributing to environmental conservation and waste management efforts. Overall, this methodology offers a promising route for the reutilization of polyethylene household waste, aligning with principles of circular economy and ecological responsibility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shakhnoza Mamatova, Mingnikul Kurbanov, Abduakhad Kodirov, Guzal Davronova, Matluba Safarova, Lobar Bozorova, Guzal Rakhmatova, Umida Shabarova, Anora Jumayeva, Rano Toshkodirova, Yakibova Dilafruz, Dilbar Atakulova, Jasur Farmonov, Mohamed Rifky, Murodjon Samadiy, Bakhodir Abdullayev http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Analysis of Blowing Agents for Coal Gasification in Oxy-Fuel Energy Complexes
Oxy-fuel energy complexes (OFCs) offer a promising approach for carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture in coal-fired power plants, but efficient coal gasification is crucial to maintain high cycle efficiency. However, there are currently no studies on the effect of the type of blowing agent on OFCs’ efficiency. This study evaluates various blowing agents—air, oxygen, steam, CO₂, and their mixtures—for gasification of Kaakhemsky coal, focusing on optimal consumption, generator gas composition, temperature, calorific value, and efficiency. Using heat balance equations and equilibrium constants, calculations were performed under assumptions of stationary operation at 40 atm pressure, incorporating reactions like water-gas shift and methane reforming. Results indicate that air-based blasting yields high nitrogen content (up to 54%), leading to low calorific values (8.4 MJ/m³) and high NOx emissions, rendering it unsuitable. Pure CO₂ and steam blasting require excessive agent consumption (6.2–10 kg/kg coal) and external heat, producing low-quality gas with high CO₂ or H₂O fractions inhibiting combustion. Oxygen blasting provides high-quality gas (2% non-combustibles, 17.8 MJ/m³ calorific value) but demands pure oxygen and excess heat recovery at 1004°C. Mixtures of oxygen with steam or CO₂ emerge as optimal: oxygen-steam reduces oxygen consumption to 0.3 kg/kg coal, enhancing calorific value to 19.7 MJ/m³ at 187°C, while oxygen-CO₂ achieves 17.2 MJ/m³ at 260°C without steam generation needed. Both options minimize non-combustible species fraction (<7%), support stable combustion, and align with OFCs’ requirements for low emissions and high efficiency. Recommendations include cycle modeling to compare these for integrated power plant design, potentially improving CO₂ capture and thermal performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Andrey Rogalev, Vadim Yakovlev, Muhammad Maaz Shaikh and Andrey Vegera http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Anti-corrosion Study of a New Fluorinated Bis-Schiff Base
A new series of bis-Schiff base compounds were synthesized. The fluorinated ketone (4-Biphenylyl trifluoromethyl ketone) was prepared by Friedel Crafts acylation of biphenyl as aromatic compound with trifluoroacetic anhydride in present (AlCl3) as a Lewis acid with very good yield. A bis-amine [1,1-bis(3-methyl-4-aminophenyl)-1-(4-biphenylyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethane] was synthesized by refluxed of mixed fluorinated ketone, o-toluidine and o-toluidinehydrochloride to afforded the required bis-amine with a good yeild. The bis-Schiff bases were synthesized used bis-amine with several aldehydes (2-chlorobenzaldehyde, 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, 3-salicyldehyde, 5-nitrosalicyldehyde) into ethanol as a solvent and few drops of hydrochloric acid as catalyst with high yield. All compounds were confirmed by FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, Mass techniques. The compounds A3, A4, A5, and A6 exhibited high inhibition efficiency against steel corrosion in HCl solution, with values ranging from 87% to 94%. Compound A24 showed the highest performance, followed by A19, indicating the formation of a stable protective film that significantly reduces the corrosion rate.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amani Jassim Hussine*, Sadiq A. Karim, Nour Abd Alrazzak Abd Allatif http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Surface metamorphosis in FDM-Printed PLA and PLA+WF: A microstructural and analytical chemistry approach
The integration of bio-based materials in additive manufacturing is a key strategy in aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 9, 11, 12, and 13), particularly for fostering sustainable urban infrastructure and reducing environmental impact. This study investigates the surface metamorphosis of fused deposition modeling (FDM)-printed polylactic acid (PLA) and PLA reinforced with wood fibers (PLA+WF), using a combined microstructural and analytical chemistry approach to enhance surface functionality. Employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and surface profilometry, we characterized the morphological and chemical transformations induced by post-processing treatments such as controlled thermal annealing and solvent vapor exposure. The PLA+WF composites exhibited a 38% reduction in surface roughness (Ra) and a 22% increase in hydrophilicity compared to untreated PLA, facilitating better coating adhesion and reduced microbial accumulation. FTIR analysis confirmed the retention of key ester and cellulose functional groups post-treatment, ensuring material integrity. Moreover, thermal post-treatment improved the crystallinity index by 18% in PLA and 27% in PLA+WF, suggesting enhanced mechanical stability. These findings present a viable pathway for producing high-performance, bio-based components with improved surface characteristics, directly contributing to the development of sustainable, low-impact technologies in urban applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sanan Thaer Abdalwahab, Sara salam Ali, Abdullah H. Maad, Majeed M. Abid, Sadi Shirshab, Wasam Naji, Reem Hamdan Khaddour, Duha Abed Almuhssen Muzahim Alzubaidy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sequential combination of electrocoagulation and Electro-fenton for COD removal of real petroleum refinery wastewater
Electrocoagulation (EC) and electro-Fenton (EF) are effective electrochemical methods utilized for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. Electrochemical techniques facilitate the removal of contaminants by metal dissolution., EF creates hydroxyl radicals (•OH) by reacting H₂O₂ with Fe²⁺, facilitating advanced oxidation. This study treated the Najaf refinery, Iraq wastewater with a combination EC/EF procedure. The raw wastewater had an initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 700 mg/L. EC was conducted for 60 minutes at pH = 7 and room temperature using four iron electrodes (total active area: 100 cm²). The EF process was carried out for 120 minutes at a pH of 3 utilizing two porous graphite electrodes with an area of 60 cm² each. The experiments included variations in the current density (20–50 mA/cm²), hydrogen peroxide H₂O₂ concentration addition (0.5–2.0 g/L), and pH values. The combined system attained a maximum COD removal efficiency of 99.42% at 40 mA/cm² and 0.5 g/L H₂O₂ , validating the significant potential of this approach for industrial wastewater treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Murtada S. Khalaf, Alaa N. Ghanim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimization of grinding and distillation parameters affecting yield and composition of essential oils from the hybrid Eucalyptus grandis × E. camaldulensis (clone 2414)
This study examines how grinding and distillation duration affect the yield and composition of essential oils (EOs) from the natural hybrid Eucalyptus grandis × E. camaldulensis (clone 2414) and its parental species. Hydrodistillation was performed for 2–4 h on ground and whole leaves. Grinding increased yield by 20–25 %, and the optimum extraction time was 3 h. Yields ranged from 1.5 % (E. grandis) to 2.3 % (E. camaldulensis), with 1,8-cineole (42–61 %) as the main constituent. The hybrid exhibited a stable and distinctive chemical profile rich in oxygenated monoterpenes, demonstrating its industrial potential. Leaves were subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger type apparatus under two conditions: ground versus whole leaves, and varying distillation times (2, 3, and 4 hours). EO yields were calculated relative to dry leaf mass, and the chemical profile was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results revealed that grinding significantly enhanced oil recovery, with ground leaves yielding up to 20–25% more oil compared to whole leaves. Distillation time strongly influenced EO output, with an optimal recovery observed at 3 hours; beyond this, additional distillation produced negligible increases. Overall yields ranged from 1.5% (E. grandis) to 2.1% (E. camaldulensis), while clone 2414 consistently displayed intermediate productivity (≈1.8%) that improved under optimized grinding and distillation conditions. GC–MS analysis confirmed 1,8 cineole as the dominant constituent (42–61%), accompanied by α-pinene, p-cymene, and limonene in variable proportions. Notably, the hybrid exhibited a distinctive chemical fingerprint enriched in oxygenated monoterpenes compared with its parents. These findings demonstrate that essential oil yield and composition are strongly influenced by both genetic background and processing variables. Clone 2414 consistently delivered stable and enhanced oil profiles under optimized conditions, highlighting its value as a versatile resource for industrial essential oil production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Safaa Abid, Badr Satrani, Magri Najib, Mohamed Ouajdi, Ayoub Souileh, Achraf Mabrouk, Farah Aabouch, Badr Eddine Kartah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Experimental investigation of a hybrid compound parabolic collector integrated with flow through-type evacuated tube collector under hot and humid conditions in India
This study offers an experimental analysis of a hybrid solar thermal collector that is best suited for the summer climate in Vadodara, Gujarat, India. It combines a Compound Parabolic Collector (CPC) with a flow-through type Evacuated Tube Collector (ETC). Three types of reflector materials were examined: polished aluminum, glass mirror, and acrylic mirror. The control was an independent ETC unit. Every configuration ran at a flow rate of 1.0 L/min. The temperature outside reached 43°C during the tests, and the maximum solar intensity was 1050 W/m². The aluminum CPC-ETC system demonstrated superior performance, achieving 82°C outlet temperature compared to 63°C for the ETC-only baseline - representing a 30% improvement. Daily heat gain increased by 99% from 42.3 MJ/day (ETC-only) to 84.2 MJ/day (aluminum CPC-ETC). The aluminum reflector configuration achieved an average thermal efficiency of 66% compared to 50% for the standalone ETC system, demonstrating a 32% relative improvement. The findings show that under tropical summer conditions, CPC-ETC systems have an increased thermal potential.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Ishrar Jiva, Mohsin J. Dadi, Vijayalaxmi V B, Amit Manubhai Patel, Jeetendra Dhamone, Choon Kit Chan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IoT-Enabled Pyrolysis process system for conversion of Medical Plastic Waste to Liquid Fuel as a Renewable Source of Electricity Generation
The growing volume of biomedical plastic waste, especially low-density polyethylene (LDPE) from single-use medical items, poses serious environmental and health risks due to its non-biodegradable nature and potential for contamination. Recovering energy from such waste through controlled thermal degradation processes offers a sustainable pathway to reduce pollution and generate usable energy. With the primary objective of designing and developing a waste-to-electricity generation setup using an online access tool, this research paper presents a novel setup designed and tested for receiving oil yield from a sample of low-density polyethylene plastic waste, which can be utilized for electricity generation using Pyrolysis oil. This setup has the dual benefit of waste reduction and energy production. The setup integrates IoT-based real-time monitoring through ESP32 and sensor modules to evaluate parameters such as temperature, pressure, and Pyrolytic oil yield. Data transmission is handled using the MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol and visualized via a Node-RED dashboard. Experimental trials examined the effect of process variables on oil production and energy potential. Results indicate that the optimized conditions significantly enhance oil yield, validating the feasibility of electricity generation from low-density polyethylene plastic waste. The GCV value of oil tested is 45.8 MJ/Kg. The system producing 0.19667 L/hr of pyro-oil could theoretically generate electricity 0.71 kW from medical plastic waste. This system offers an environmentally responsible alternative for energy production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kaushalkumar K Barot, SSPM Sharma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Characterization of Some New Drug Derivatives containing thiadiazole, oxadiazole, and triazole rings, and studying their antibacterial activity
A series of new drug derivatives containing thiadiazole, oxadiazole, and triazole rings were successfully synthesized. In this study, the terminal carboxylic acid groups of cephalexin and 4-aminobenzoic acid were reacted with thiosemicarbazide and semicarbazide, respectively, in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride to create the thiadiazole and oxadiazole derivatives. Cephalexin and 4-aminobenzoic acid's terminal carboxylic acid group reacted with thiosemicarbazide to create triazole derivatives, which were then treated with sodium hydroxide.The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed using IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of these compounds was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
Copyright (c) 2025 Muntadher A. Al-Saffar*, Shireen R. Rasool, Saba S. M. Al-Obaidy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells using CuO/CdS/Ag₂O ternary nanocomposite as a catalyst
In this study, a ternary CuO/CdS/Ag₂O nanocomposite was prepared for the first time to generate DSSCs. The nanocomposite was used as a photoelectrode with two types of dyes (natural and synthetic) serving as absorbing media: a green dye extracted from chard and a yellow dye known as (quinoline yellow E104). The results also showed that the green dye has a higher conversion efficiency (η) in DSSCs than the yellow dye, due to several reasons, including the difference in energy band gap, which is larger for the yellow dye (3.612 eV) than for the green dye (3.19 eV). As a result, more wavelengths of light pass through the cells to be absorbed by the dye, and the absorption of the green dye on the nanomaterial surfaces is increased, leading to higher DSSC efficiency. In addition, the current generated by DSSCs using the synthetic yellow dye is lower than that of DSSCs made with the green dye due to impurities in the natural dye. The absorption spectroscopy also revealed the optical properties of the prepared ternary CuO/CdS/Ag₂O nanocomposite, measuring absorbance versus wavelength and (αhυ)² versus hυ for CuO/CdS/Ag₂O nanoparticles prepared by the co-precipitation method. The nanocomposite had an energy band gap of (2.63 eV). The ternary nanocomposite was characterized using XRD, SEM, and EDS techniques.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amer.M. J. Al-Shammari , Naseer Ali Badr* http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of bioactive CS-g-P(AA-DEABA)/EEP nanocomposites with selective anticancer activity against colon cancer cells and enhanced wound healing properties
Background: Cancer treatment often faces limitations due to lack of selectivity and toxicity toward normal cells. The combination of natural and synthetic bioactive agents offers a promising route to overcome these drawbacks. Aim: To synthesize and evaluate a novel chitosan-based nanocomposite integrating a thiazole-derived Schiff base (DEABA) and ethanolic propolis extract (EEP) for selective anticancer activity and wound healing. Methods: The DEABA compound was synthesized via two-step condensation and confirmed by NMR and FTIR analyses. The CS-g-P(AA-DEABA)/EEP nanocomposite was prepared through free radical polymerization and characterized by XRD, SEM, AFM, and TGA. Cytotoxicity was tested on LS147T colon cancer and WRL-68 normal cells, and wound-healing efficiency was assessed in a mouse model. Results: The nanocomposite exhibited a crystalline–amorphous hybrid structure with enhanced surface roughness and stability up to 200 °C. It showed selective cytotoxicity toward LS147T cells (IC₅₀ = 100–120 µg/mL) and promoted wound closure by 89.7% ± 3.8% on day 5 with minimal inflammation. Conclusion: The novel CS-g-P(AA-DEABA)/EEP nanocomposite demonstrates dual bioactivity for colon cancer inhibition and tissue regeneration, confirming its potential for biomedical and nanotherapeutic applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahraa Khairi Shamran*, Muqdad Irhaeem Kadhim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Photopolymer resin formulation and surface modification for enhanced coating applications in SLA-Printed devices
Stereolithography (SLA) has emerged as a superior additive manufacturing technique compared to Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), offering smoother surface finishes and higher dimensional accuracy. However, conventional SLA resins remain limited by brittleness, poor thermal stability, and weak coating adhesion. In this study, a hybrid photopolymer resin incorporating nano-silica fillers (0.5–2.0 wt%) and functional oligomers was formulated, alongside plasma–silanization surface treatments, to enhance coating performance of SLA-printed parts. Mechanical testing showed a peak improvement at 1.0 wt% nano-silica, where tensile strength increased by 35.9% (from 32.5 MPa to 44.2 MPa), Young’s modulus by 36.2% (870 MPa to 1185 MPa), and flexural strength by 29.9% (58.9 MPa to 76.5 MPa). Shore D hardness rose from 78 to 84, while thermal analysis revealed an upward shift in glass transition temperature from 64.2 °C to 70.5 °C and degradation onset temperature from 281 °C to 301 °C. Surface wettability improved significantly, with water contact angle reduced from 89.3° to 54.7°, raising surface energy from 32.4 to 51.1 mN/m. Coating adhesion (ASTM D3359) improved from grade 3B to 5B, and wear resistance increased by 40% (wear index reduced from 0.125 to 0.075 mg/cycle). These results validate the dual-pathway approach of resin reinforcement and post-print surface modification, enabling SLA-printed parts to overcome typical FDM limitations of poor surface fidelity and weak interfacial bonding. The developed system demonstrates strong potential for high-performance coatings in biomedical, optical, and microfluidic device applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sanan Thaer Abdalwahab, Ala’a D. Noor2, Haider Falih Shamikh Al-Saedi , Mohannad Mohammed , Nour Sabah Kadhim , Nawal Fattah Naji , Imad Ibrahim Dawood, Hiba Alaa Mohammed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antioxidant activity of daphne gnidium in Morocco (taounate province)
This study aims to investigate the biological properties of Daphne gnidium leaf extracts obtained through different extraction methods. Specifically, it will assess how variations in extraction techniques influence the chemical composition and potential pharmacological activities of the resulting extracts. By analyzing antioxidant, effects, the research seeks to provide deeper insight into the therapeutic potential of this plant species and identify the most efficient extraction approach for maximizing its bioactive compounds. Three types of extracts methanolic, hexanoic, and ethyl acetate were prepared using Soxhlet and sonication techniques, alongside an aqueous extract, to enable a comparative analysis of the extraction efficiency. Quantitative colorimetric analyses revealed a high content of total flavonoids and phenolic compounds across all extracts. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, demonstrating notable efficacy for all samples. The results indicated that antioxidant potential varied depending on the extraction method and solvent. For Soxhlet extraction, the methanolic extract exhibited stronger activity (IC₅₀ = 0.51 ± 0.005 mg/mL) than the ethyl acetate extract (IC₅₀ = 1.06 ± 0.001 mg/mL). In contrast, for sonication, the ethyl acetate extract showed superior antioxidant capacity (IC₅₀ = 0.44 ± 0.001 mg/mL) compared to the methanolic extract (IC₅₀ = 1.8 ± 0.005 mg/mL). These findings highlight the influence of extraction technique and solvent choice on the phytochemical yield and biological activity of Daphne Gnidium.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zineb Maaroufi, Jamal Mabrouki, Chaimae Rais, Youssef Nemassi, Souad EL Hajjaji http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impacts of mineral and biofertilizers on rhizosphere and bulk-soil carbon, sulfur, and C/S ratio in maize for soil sustainability
Balanced carbon–sulfur (C-S) dynamics are crucial for maintaining soil fertility and sustaining crop productivity. This study examined how mineral and biofertilizers affect total sulfur (S), organic carbon (OC), and the C/S ratio in maize rhizosphere and bulk soils. A field experiment was established with six treatments: an unfertilized control, urea (250 kg N ha⁻¹), ammonium sulfate (200 kg N ha⁻¹), BioHealth biofertilizer (4–5 kg N ha⁻¹), liquid effective microorganisms (EM, 400 L ha⁻¹), and a combined fertilizer containing one-quarter of each recommended dose. Total S, OC, and C/S ratios were measured after 70 and 100 days of maize growth. Ammonium sulfate consistently produced the highest sulfur concentrations in both rhizosphere and bulk soils, with increases of more than 40% over the control at both sampling times. The combined fertilizer treatment significantly enhanced OC content in both soil compartments, with up to a 25 % increase compared with the control. Urea yielded the greatest C/S ratio (approximately 15 % higher than the control), while all treatments showed a progressive decline in C/S as sulfur availability increased, confirming an inverse S-C/S relationship. These results demonstrate that integrating bio- and mineral fertilizers improves soil C–S balance and nutrient availability, offering a practical strategy to enhance soil fertility and support sustainable maize production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Russul Muhammad Ijbear*, Raid Shaalan Jarallah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Profile and consequences of intentional plant intoxication in Morocco: a retrospective study over a 13-year period
Inappropriate use of plants represents a significant public health risk that is often underestimated. This study aims to determine the profile and consequences of intentional plant intoxication in Morocco over a 13-year period. This study was based on a retrospective analysis of cases of intentional plant intoxication reported to the Moroccan Poison Control and Pharmacovigilance Centre (MPCPC) between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2022. The significance level was set at 5%. During the study period, the MPCPC recorded 189 cases of intentional herbal intoxication, representing 9.37% of all herbal intoxications occurring during this period (2016 cases). The average age of the patients was 29.77 years, with the majority being young adults (68.25%), adolescents (14.28%) and children under 15 (7.93%). The sex ratio (M/F) was 0.41 (71.04% female). Suicide attempts were the main cause of poisoning (87 cases), with Atractylis gummifera being the most commonly implicated plant (17 cases). Twenty-two cases were related to abortions, mainly caused by Peganum harmala (45.45%), drug addiction (16 cases), of which Datura stramonium was the most incriminated plant (5 cases), and plant mixtures (63.63%) were the most commonly used in criminal activities (11 cases). The route of administration was mainly oral (162 cases). Digestive, neurological and cardiac disorders, renal failure, rhabdomyolysis and liver damage were reported. The outcome was favourable in 103 cases, fatal in 4, including a 9-year-old girl who ingested Rumex divers, with sequelae in 2 cases and unknown in 80 cases. Calculation of the p-value revealed that several variables were highly significant. Inappropriate use of plants poses a significant risk to public health. It is essential to raise awareness of the dangers associated with these plants and to emphasise the importance of appropriate psychiatric support in cases of intentional intoxication.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mina Talib, Hind Hami, Abdelghani Asraoui, Naima Rhalem, Abdelmajid Soulaymani, Rachida Soulaymani –Bencheikh, Houda Sefiani, Jamal Mabrouki, Souad Skalli, Jamila Dahmani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A comprehensive review of the impact of microplastics on aquatic organisms: From ingestion to ecological consequences
The presence of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments has become a major environmental concern due to their adverse effects on a wide range of aquatic organisms, including vertebrates (e.g., fish and marine mammals), invertebrates (e.g., mollusks and arthropods), and microorganisms such as bacteria and algae. Owing to their small size (<5 mm), MPs can penetrate biological membranes, interfere with cellular metabolic pathways, and induce various toxic effects. This review discusses the major sources of MPs, their pathways of distribution within aquatic systems, and their biological impacts. The objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the scientific literature addressing the ecological consequences of MP exposure across different aquatic taxa.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hiba Ibrahem Al-Khalidy*, Batool Mohammed Jabbar, Hiba Mahmood Al-Nassar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth-stage specific metabolic adaptations in Capsicum annum: Secondary metabolite dynamics and antioxidant plasticity
This study examines growth-stage-dependent variations in secondary metabolites and antioxidant capacity in Capsicum annum. Analytical techniques including spectrophotometry were employed to quantify phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, alkaloids, and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Results revealed significant metabolic shifts (p < 0.05) across vegetative (V) and flowering (F) stages, driven by tissue-specific demands and developmental priorities. A marked increase in phenolic content was observed in roots (1.32 to 3.24 mg/100g), stems, and leaves during flowering, correlating with oxidative stress mitigation. Fruits exhibited minimal phenolics (0.31 mg/100g), reflecting resource allocation to seed maturation. Tannins dominated vegetative roots (4354.16 mg/100g) and stems (3670.83 mg/100g), declining during flowering (roots: 2726.39 mg/100g) as defense investments shifted toward reproduction. Flavonoids increased in flowering roots (237.62 mg/100g) but remained elevated in vegetative leaves (333.16 mg/100g), supporting UV protection. Anthocyanins peaked in vegetative roots (11.40 mg/100g) and flowering flowers (11.40 mg/100g), serving dual roles in stress resistance and pollinator attraction. Alkaloids were highest in vegetative stems (842.67 mg/100g) and leaves (2373.33 mg/100g), with fruiting-stage fruits accumulating maximum levels (2536.00 mg/100g) for seed defense. Antioxidant activity (IC₅₀) varied by tissue: stems improved during flowering (IC₅₀: 2.75 to 1.95 mg), while roots declined (6.87 to 9.02 mg). Fruits displayed potent crude extract activity (IC₅₀: 0.97 mg), linked to phenolic accumulation. These findings demonstrate C. annum’s adaptive metabolic strategies—vegetative tissues prioritize structural defense, while flowering stages emphasize stress tolerance and reproductive resource allocation. Tissue-specific trends (e.g., root defense hubs, fruit UV protection) underscore ecological and physiological trade-offs. Statistically validated results (LSD thresholds exceeded) inform targeted harvesting (e.g., alkaloid-rich fruits) and bioprospecting for nutraceuticals. This work enhances understanding of plant metabolic plasticity, offering strategies to optimize crop resilience and bioactive compound utilization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Haider Abbas AbdulRedha, Maallah T. AL-Husseini, Intisar Razzaq Sharba, Harith R. Al-Mousawi, Naser Jawad Kadhim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CyclePad-based modeling of simple heat exchangers: Educational case study in parallel and counterflow configurations
This article explores the use of CyclePad software for modelling and analysing simple heat exchangers by focusing on its application in educational and preliminary design contexts. Heat exchangers are the essential devices for thermal energy transfer. Modelling heat exchanger quickly by using hand calculation is time consuming and sometimes also leads to errors. Therefore, CyclePad has been used to model heat exchanger which is having an intuitive drag-and-drop interface that can makes the configuration of parallel and counterflow arrangements quickly. The study involves two case studies: in one ait to air exchange takes place whereas in the second air to water (involving phase change) happens in both parallel as well as counter flow arrangements. Key performance metrics considered in the study are Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD), heat transfer rates, and mass flow rates, which are calculated and compared for different flow configurations. Results demonstrate that CyclePad provides accurate and reliable solutions which are supported well with theoretical methods, while offering a user-friendly platform for visualizing the thermodynamic processes. The findings highlight the value of CyclePad in engineering education by bridging the gap between theory and practical implementation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Choon Kit Chan, Pankaj Dumka, Mohini P Sardey, Veeresh G. Balikai,Milind P Gajare, Rishika Chauhan, Partha Sarathy Banerjee, Dhananjay R. Mishra, Feroz shaik7, Jeyagopi Raman, Subhav singh, Deekshant varshney http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AI-Driven Process Control for Enhancing Safety and Efficiency in Oil Refining
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping the oil refining sector by improving process safety, energy efficiency, and product quality. This work evaluates real-time AI applications such as predictive maintenance, anomaly detection, and autonomous process optimization using machine learning, deep learning, reinforcement learning, and natural language processing. A systematic review of recent industrial case studies and simulations shows AI can reduce equipment downtime, emissions, and operational costs while enhancing decision-making and regulatory compliance. Despite these advantages, the adoption of AI in refineries faces challenges such as cybersecurity risks, legacy system integration, and lack of explainable models. Future research should focus on scalable and transparent AI frameworks that align with industry-specific needs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manjusha Tatiya, Babaso A. Shinde, Navnath B. Pokale, Mahesh Sarada, Mahesh M. Bulhe, Govindrajan Murali, Vidhi Rajendra Kadam, Anant Sidhappa Kurhade, Shital Yashwant Waware http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
XPS-Based Chemical Mapping of Interfacial Bonding in FDM-AM Polymer Surfaces
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), a widely adopted additive manufacturing (AM) process for polymers, often suffers from weak interfacial bonding between printed layers, which limits the mechanical reliability of fabricated components. In this work, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was employed as a surface-sensitive analytical technique to chemically map the interfacial regions of FDM-processed polymer specimens. By correlating elemental distributions and chemical states with print-layer orientation, the study reveals distinct interfacial bonding characteristics that govern adhesion at the microscale. High-resolution chemical mapping demonstrates the presence of oxidative species, chain scission fragments, and thermally induced chemical rearrangements localized at interlayer boundaries. These findings provide new insights into the chemical origin of bonding heterogeneity in FDM-AM polymers and highlight XPS as a powerful diagnostic tool for guiding surface modification strategies to enhance interfacial adhesion. The approach establishes a framework for linking interfacial chemistry to mechanical performance, ultimately advancing the design of more reliable polymer-based additive manufacturing applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 mai ail salam1, Mohammed Fadhil Abbood , Sarah salam Ali, Hayder Hamid Abbas Al-Anbari, Muntadher Abed Hussein, Fakhri Alajeeli, Ameer Hassan Idan, Hayder Abdulhasan Hammoodi , Sanan Thaer Abdalwahab http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Various active methods to augment the yield of solar still: A mini review
Solar still (SS) is a cheap and easy method for producing pure water from saline or brackish water. Therefore, the SS is not a popular residential water supply. The present review shows various active methods for SS coupled with a flat plate collector (FPC), evacuated tubes (ET), and parabolic trough (PT) to augment the yield. It also shows that a table of various researchers works to enhance the yield owing to the hot water supply to the basin. Active methods using SS are effective in improving yield. Finally, future work on different active methods should be conducted for further research on SS.
Copyright (c) 2025 Choon Kit Chan*, Rajashree Bokhare, Gaurav kumar, Richa Rani, Sandeep Kumar, Ghanshyam G Tejani, Feroz Shaik, Sujeet Kumar, Roshan Singh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Machine learning applications in ore grade estimation and blending optimization for modern mining
The growing complexity of mineral deposits and the demand for sustainable, cost-effective mining have driven the adoption of machine learning (ML) for ore grade estimation and blending optimization. This review critically examines how ML models—such as ANN, SVM, RF, and ensemble techniques—surpass traditional geostatistical methods in handling non-linear spatial variability and limited sampling. The paper emphasizes hybrid frameworks that combine ML with geostatistics, optimization algorithms (GA, PSO, RL), and digital technologies like IoT and digital twins for real-time, adaptive decision-making. Key findings indicate that ML-based systems significantly enhance prediction accuracy, blending precision and operational efficiency while reducing waste and energy consumption. Despite these advancements, issues related to data quality, model interpretability, interoperability, and ethics remain. The study outlines future directions emphasizing explainable AI, standardized benchmarking, and robust data infrastructures for transparent and sustainable implementation of ML in mining. Recent industrial deployments illustrate the practical impact of ML in mining operations. For instance, Australian and Canadian mines have integrated ML-based ore grade control and real-time blending optimization systems, resulting in 10–15% improvements in recovery rates and reduced energy consumption. Similarly, predictive maintenance and digital twin frameworks powered by ML are being used by global firms such as Rio Tinto and BHP to achieve safer, more adaptive, and cost-efficient operations. These applications demonstrate the tangible value of ML in advancing sustainable and intelligent mining practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dipa Dattatray Dharmadhikari, Avani Ray, Babaso A. Shinde, Sandeep V. Raut, Rupali Dineshwar Taware, Smita Desai, Shital Yashwant Waware, Anant Sidhappa Kurhade http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Coumarins at the interface of chemistry and biology: Applied approaches to synthesis and bioactivity
Background: Coumarins and their derivatives represent a diverse class of bioactive molecules linking synthetic organic chemistry with modern biomedical applications. Their versatile benzopyran-2-one scaffold allows extensive chemical modification, resulting in derivatives with remarkable pharmacological and photophysical properties. Aim: This review aims to summarize advances in the synthesis of coumarin derivatives and to correlate their structural features with biological activities, highlighting their potential as multifunctional agents in applied chemical and biological systems. Methods: An integrative analysis of recent literature was performed, encompassing classical and contemporary synthetic strategies—including cyclization, condensation, cross-coupling, and green catalytic methods—and their optimization through computational tools such as molecular docking and quantitative structure–activity relationship modeling. Results: The reviewed data reveal that substitution patterns on the coumarin nucleus critically modulate biological activity across a wide range of pharmacological targets. Derivatives exhibit potent anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects. Light-responsive and fluorescent coumarins also serve as effective photosensitizers, bioimaging probes, and targeted drug-delivery systems. Environmentally friendly synthetic methodologies and mechanistic modeling further expand the practical applications of these molecules. Conclusion: The integration of synthetic innovation, biological evaluation, and computational prediction underscores coumarins as privileged scaffolds at the interface of chemistry and biology. Continued interdisciplinary research is expected to drive the rational design of safer, more selective coumarin-based therapeutics and functional materials for future biomedical and technological applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yasser Fakri Mustafa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In vitro cell-based assays to test drugs – A Review
Cell viability is an important indicator of healthy cells. Cell viability plays a prominent role in order to determining various parameters including toxicity, as the cells may be damaged due to some physical and chemical agents. In vitro assays are efficient, sensitive, time-saving and were designed to replace the problems and ethical issues faced by animal models for testing the efficiency of a drug molecule. There are various assays used for determining the cell viability in eukaryotes. Assays, including Dye exclusion assays, colorimetric assays, luminometric assays, fluorometric assays and DNA-based assays involved in determining the cell viability, proliferation and cytotoxicity are discussed in this review.
Copyright (c) 2025 Antony V. Samrot, Wilson S, Subramanian Saigeetha, Remya Rajan Renuka , Sivarao Subramonian http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Augmentation of distillate output of solar still with help of evacuated tubes: A Review
Potable water is essential for human existence. In addition, the quantity of potable water is limited. On the other hand, saline water is available, but it is not considered potable. Solar energy is utilized to convert saline water into potable water through a process called solar desalination. Solar stills are devices used to convert saline water into potable water using solar energy; however, the quantity of potable water produced is low. This review paper shows the use of evacuated tubes to increase the water temperature and hence increase the potable water from solar stills. Various researchers have worked on solar stills with evacuated tubes, as discussed in this review. The study concluded that evacuated tubes are among the most crucial components for increasing the amount of drinkable water produced by solar stills.
Copyright (c) 2025 Choon Kit Chan, Vinod Hiwase, Sarika Atul Patil, Milind P. Gajare, Vinod Chandrakant Todkari, Shyamsing Thakur, Ghanshyam Tejani, Subhav Singh, Deekshant Varshney, Feroz Shaik, Jeyagopi Raman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Methods and recent developments in the field of lithium extraction from water resources
With rapid development in car electronics, hybrid, and electric vehicles, there is an emerging demand for Lithium and its products, such as the carbonate, lithium hydroxide, and mineral concentrates, which capture 80% of the world’s demand. The demand for lithium will rise by 60% over the next few years due to electric vehicle use. This requires quick and effective methods of discovery and exploration for new deposits and low-cost, high-resolution technologies for exploration. You can quickly map minerals and obtain information on the quantity and spatial distribution of ore and fossil minerals with hyperspectral imagery. The lithium resource deposit within Salt Lake water, sea, and geothermal water consists of 70-80% of the total and is a superior raw material for lithium extraction. In this respect, there is increasingly more research on joining the industrial extraction of Lithium from water bodies. Recycling lithium-ion batteries is also a means of increasing lithium extraction with a different method. Lithium levels in geothermal waters are confined compared with brines, and not all the methods are effective. The extraction procedures for Lithium from liquid media involve evaporation, extraction with solvents, and the use of membranes, nanofiltration, and adsorption. The most efficient and plausible application of highly functional selective adsorbents with minimal energy usage and safety for the environment. The most investigated are ionic sieves based on manganese LMO. The most chemically stable lithium-ion sieves based on titanium LTO are also considered.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gulkhayo Umidjonova, Yulduz Khidirova, Mamura Dustmurodova, Tulqin Shaymardonov, Sitora Samadiy, Shavkat Umarov, Firuza Davronova, Tozagul Jabborova, Sadoqat Xidirova, Bakhodir Abdullayev, Murodjon Samadiy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0