Hydrogels based on chitosan (CS), Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Polyethylene glycol (PEG) can be prepared via lyophilization and study by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In addition with a combination of top-down and bottom-up approach, researchers are able to design a macroscopic model  through 3D printing and the template-guided assembly of ink building blocks at the Meso and Nano level to fabricate hierarchical silk porous, the porous CS/PVA/PEG hydrogels, and similar material scaffolds. Pores with tunable size can be generated through adding organic micro particles as templates to material-based ink. Such pore template particles can be modified with nanoparticles to create a hierarchical template for Nano topography on the pore walls that can be utilized in various application fields for various human tissues such as bone, skin and wound dressing as engineering scaffolds.