Applied Chemical Engineering

The role of coumarin scaffold in the chemical engineering of bioactive molecules: A narrative review

Ayman Faris Faisal

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq

Yasser Fakri Mustafa

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59429/ace.v8i1.5595

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Abstract

Coumarin and its derivatives are intriguing to researchers in both chemical and pharmaceutical fields because they have a unique benzopyrone scaffold and a lot of bioactive properties. This review delves into the significance of the coumarin scaffold in the design and engineering of bioactive molecules, offering insights into its chemical, biological, and pharmacological roles. Coumarins are praised for their many medical uses, such as their ability to fight cancer, reduce inflammation, kill microbes, stop blood clots, and act as an antioxidant. This is possible because they have a special chemical structure with α,β-unsaturated α-lactones and electron-rich aromatic rings. The flexibility of this scaffold is amazing; it can be changed chemically in many ways, which lets different derivatives with different biological activities be made. The historical significance of coumarins is underpinned by their natural occurrence in various plants and their pivotal role in therapeutic applications since the 19th century. Their synthetic versatility has led to advancements in drug development, particularly in creating anticoagulants, antivirals, and neuroprotective agents. In addition, coumarins have been shown to work well in cosmetic formulations, cardiovascular health, and diabetes treatments, showing that they can be used for many things. The efficient synthesis, purification, and functionalization of coumarins still face problems. This shows the need for new methods to get around problems like harsh reaction conditions and high costs. New computer techniques, such as 3D-QSAR and pharmacophore modeling, have made it easier and faster to study compounds that are built on a coumarin scaffold. These techniques have also made these compounds more therapeutically useful. This narrative review underscores the coumarin scaffold's prominence in medicinal chemistry and its future prospects as a platform for developing novel bioactive molecules. Coumarins are important for advancing science and health because they can change chemical forms easily and have a wide range of biological effects.

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[118]. Kamal IK, Mahmood AT, Mustafa YF. Synthesis of Eugenol-Derived Coumarins as Broad-Spectrum Biosafe Antimicrobial Agents. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 2024;50(6):2240–51.

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[150]. Mustafa YF. Coumarins derived from natural methoxystilbene as oxidative stress-related disease alleviators: Synthesis and in vitro-in silico study. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2024;1302:137471.

[151]. Ismael RN, Mustafa YF, Al-Qazaz HK. Cancer-curative potential of novel coumarins from watermelon princess: A scenario of their isolation and activity. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2022;4(7):657–72.

[152]. Mustafa YF. Combretastatin A4-based coumarins: synthesis, anticancer, oxidative stress-relieving, anti-inflammatory, biosafety, and in silico analysis. Chemical Papers. 2024;78:3705–3720.

[153]. Bloh A hameed, Khamis MF, Altekrety AAA, Mustafa YF, Almashhadani HA, Kadhim MM. Total Oxidants, Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Capacity in the Serum of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results. 2022;13(3):231–5.

[154]. Mustafa YF. 3-mercaptocoumarins as potential bioactive candidates: From novel synthesis to comparative analysis. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2025;1320:139657.

[155]. Mustafa YF, Abdulaziz NT. Biological potentials of hymecromone-based derivatives: A systematic review. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. 2020;11(11):438–52.

[156]. Khalil RR, Mohammed ET, Mustafa YF. Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Cydonia Oblonga seeds’ extracts. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences. 2022;5(6):1048–58.

[157]. Oglah MK, Mustafa YF. Synthesis, antioxidant, and preliminary antitumor activities of new curcumin analogues. Journal of Global Pharma Technology. 2020;12(2):854–62.

[158]. Yahya MQ, Mustafa YF. Transforming Poisonous Phenol into Biosafe Antimicrobial Coumarins: Synthesis and Evaluation. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 2024;50(4):1595–608.

[159]. Ban AA, Ibrahim BY, Mustafa YF. The Protective Role of Natural Coumarins Derivatives and Anpro Supplement Against Aflatoxin B1 Pollution in the Quails Coturnix Japonica Diet. Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture. 2023;51(1):1–13.

[160]. Jasim MHM, Mustafa YF. Synthesis of Acetaminophen‐Based Coumarins as Selective COX‐2 Inhibitors: An in vitro‐in silico Study. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 2024;21(10):e202401309.

[161]. Abdulaziz NT, Mohammed ET, Khalil RR, Mustafa YF. Unrevealing the total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects of Garden Cress seed ethanolic extracts. Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics - International Edition. 2024;38(2):187–96.

[162]. Rohmah MK, Salahdin OD, Gupta R, Muzammil K, Qasim MT, Al-qaim ZH, Abbas NF, Jawad MA, Yasin G, Mustafa YF, Heidary A, Abarghouei S. Modulatory role of dietary curcumin and resveratrol on growth performance, serum immunity responses, mucus enzymes activity, antioxidant capacity and serum and mucus biochemicals in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio exposed to abamectin. Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 2022;129:221–30.

[163]. Khalil RR, Mohammed ET, Mustafa YF. Various promising biological effects of Cranberry extract: A review. Clinical Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses. 2021;15(S6):1–9.

[164]. Al-Shakarchi W, Abdulaziz NT, Mustafa YF. A review of the chemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacological aspects of quercetin. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2022;4(7):645–56.

[165]. Mustafa YF, Bashir MK, Oglah MK. Influence of albocarbon-cyclic hybridization on biomedical activities: A review. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences. 2022;5(4):518–35.

[166]. Zeki NM, Mustafa YF. Annulated Heterocyclic[g]Coumarin Composites: Synthetic Approaches and Bioactive Profiling. Chemistry and Biodiversity. 2024;21(3):e202301855.

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[186]. Zeki NM, Mustafa YF. Coumarin hybrids for targeted therapies: A promising approach for potential drug candidates. Phytochemistry Letters. 2024;60:117–33.

[187]. Jebir MR, Mustafa YF. Kidney stones: natural remedies and lifestyle modifications to alleviate their burden. International Urology and Nephrology. 2024;56(3):1025–33.

[188]. Zeki NM, Mustafa YF. Natural linear coumarin-heterocyclic conjugates: A review of their roles in phytotherapy. Fitoterapia. 2024;175:105929.

[189]. Mahmood AAJ, Mustafa YF, Abdulstaar M. New coumarinic azo-derivatives of metoclopramide and diphenhydramine: Synthesis and in vitro testing for cholinesterase inhibitory effect and protection ability against chlorpyrifos. International Medical Journal Malaysia. 2014;13(1):3–12.

[190]. Widjaja G, Doewes R iqbal, Rudiansyah M, Sultan MQ, Ansari MJ, Izzat SE, Al Jaber MS, Kzar HH, Mustafa YF, Hammid AT, Turki Jalil A, Aravindhan S. Effect of tomato consumption on inflammatory markers in health and disease status: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 2022;50:93–100.

[191]. Hussein HK, Aubead NM, Kzar HH, Karim YS, Amin AH, Al-Gazally ME, Ahmed TI, Jawad MA, Hammid AT, Jalil AT, Mustafa YF, Saleh MM, Heydari H. Association of cord blood asprosin concentration with atherogenic lipid profile and anthropometric indices. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome. 2022;14(1):74.

[192]. Mahmudiono T, Jasim SA, Karim YS, Bokov DO, Abdelbasset WK, Akhmedov KS, Yasin G, Thangavelu L, Mustafa YF, Shoukat S, Najm MAA, Amraei M. The effect of flaxseed oil consumtion on blood pressure among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials. Phytotherapy Research. 2022;36(10):3766–73.

[193]. Al-Shakarchi W, Saber Y, Merkhan M, Mustafa Y. Acute toxicity of coumacines: An in vivo study. Georgian medical news. 2023;(338):126–31.

[194]. Hjazi A, Sukmana BI, Ali SS, Alsaab HO, Gupta J, Ullah MI, Romero-Parra RM, Alawadi AHR, Alazbjee AAA, Mustafa YF. Functional role of circRNAs in osteogenesis: A review. International Immunopharmacology. 2023;121:110455.

[195]. Huldani H, Kozlitina IA, Alshahrani M, Daabo HMA, Almalki SG, Oudaha KH, Alawadi AH, Alsalamy A, Joshi SK, Mustafa YF. Exosomes derived from adipose stem cells in combination with hyaluronic acid promote diabetic wound healing. Tissue and Cell. 2023;85:102252.

[196]. Jasim SF, Mustafa YF. Synthesis and Antidiabetic Assessment of New Coumarin-Disubstituted Benzene Conjugates: An In Silico-In Virto Study. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences. 2022;5(6):887–99.

[197]. Tayyib NA, Ramaiah P, Alshahrani SH, Margiana R, Almalki SG, Kareem AK, Zabibah RS, Shbeer AM, Ali SHJ, Mustafa YF. Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) is associated with obesity rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional study. BMC Endocrine Disorders. 2023;23(1):275.

[198]. Shelash Al‐Hawary SI, Abdalkareem Jasim S, M. Kadhim M, Jaafar Saadoon S, Ahmad I, Romero Parra RM, Hasan Hammoodi S, Abulkassim R, M. Hameed N, K. Alkhafaje W, Mustafa YF, Javed Ansari M. Curcumin in the treatment of liver cancer: From mechanisms of action to nanoformulations. Phytotherapy Research. 2023;37(4):1624–39.

[199]. Waheed SA, Mustafa YF. The in vitro effects of new albocarbon-based coumarins on blood glucose-controlling enzymes. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences. 2022;5(6):954–67.

[200]. Turki Jalil A, Alameri AA, Iqbal Doewes R, El-Sehrawy AA, Ahmad I, Ramaiah P, Kadhim MM, Kzar HH, Sivaraman R, Romero-Parra RM, Ansari MJ, Fakri Mustafa Y. Circulating and dietary advanced glycation end products and obesity in an adult population: A paradox of their detrimental effects in obesity. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2022;13:966590.

[201]. Mirmazloum I, Slavov AK, Marchev AS. The Untapped Potential of Hairy Root Cultures and Their Multiple Applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024;25(23):12682.

[202]. Kim DJ, Jung MS, Jin HU, Kim MS, An CE. Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Umbelliferone: In Vitro and Clinical Studies. Molecules. 2024;29(23):5571.

[203]. Mallick SR, Hassan J, Hoque MA, Sultana H, Kayesh E, Ahmed M, Ozaki Y, Al-Hashimi A, Siddiqui MH. Color, proximate composition, bioactive compounds and antinutrient profiling of rose. Scientific Reports. 2024;14(1):21690.

[204]. Lee YJ, Hyun CG. Mechanistic Insights into the Stimulatory Effect of Melanogenesis of 4-Methylcoumarin Derivatives in B16F10 Melanoma Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024;25(22):12421.

[205]. Jasim SA, Al-Mosawi RH, Khalikov K, Abdelbasset WK, Ahmad I, Shoukat S, Jawad MA, Hafsan H, Mustafa YF, Norbakhsh M. Dietary quercetin improved growth, body composition, haematology, immunity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture Research. 2022;53(18):6910–20.

[206]. Al-Shakarchi W, Saber Y, Merkhan MM, Mustafa YF. Sub Chronic Toxicity Study of Coumacines. Pharmacognosy Journal. 2023;15(1):160–4.

[207]. Mustafa YF. Synthesis, characterization and preliminary cytotoxic study of sinapic acid and its analogues. Journal of Global Pharma Technology. 2019;11(9):1–10.

[208]. Mustafa YF, Abdulaziz NT. Hymecromone and its products as cytotoxic candidates for brain cancer : A brief review. NeuroQuantology. 2021;19(7):175–86.

[209]. Younis MA, Hamid OA, Dhaher R, Saber Y, Al-shakarchi W, Merkhan MM, Mustafa YF. Characterization of the renal safety profiles of coumacines. Pharmakeftiki. 2023;35(4):57–63.

[210]. Mustafa YF, Khalil RR, Mohammed ET. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts acquired from the seeds of two apples’ cultivars. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. 2020;11(2):382–7.

[211]. Mustafa YF, Khalil RR, Mohammed ET. Synthesis and antitumor potential of new 7-halocoumarin-4-acetic acid derivatives. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry. 2021;64(7):3711–6.

[212]. Mustafa YF, Bashir MK, Oglah MK. Original and innovative advances in the synthetic schemes of coumarin-based derivatives: A review. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. 2020;11(6):598–612.

[213]. Mustafa YF. Synthesis, characterization, and biomedical assessment of novel bisimidazole–coumarin conjugates. Applied Nanoscience (Switzerland). 2023;13(3):1907–18.

[214]. Mustafa YF, Kasim SM, Al-Dabbagh BM, Al-Shakarchi W. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of new azo-coumarinic derivatives. Applied Nanoscience (Switzerland). 2023;13:1095–1102.

[215]. Mustafa YF, Najem MA, Tawffiq ZS. Coumarins from Creston apple seeds: Isolation, chemical modification, and cytotoxicity study. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2018;8(8):49–56.