Applied Chemical Engineering

Coumarins from nature to nurture: A sustainable resource for drug discovery and beyond

Yasser Fakri Mustafa

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59429/ace.v8i2.5676

Keywords: coumarins; natural products; sustainable chemistry; biosynthesis; drug discovery; synthetic biology

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Abstract

Coumarins, a class of benzopyrone derivatives predominantly found in plants, have garnered extensive scientific interest for their broad-spectrum biological activities and promising applications across pharmaceutical, agricultural, and cosmetic sectors. Their historical use in traditional medicine, combined with modern evidence supporting their therapeutic potential, positions coumarins as valuable natural scaffolds for drug development and sustainability-driven innovation. This review explores the natural diversity, biosynthesis, biological activities, and sustainable development strategies associated with coumarins. Emphasis is placed on their role in modern pharmacology, the advances in synthetic biology, and their applications within the context of environmental conservation and green chemistry. A comprehensive analysis was conducted using peer-reviewed literature obtained from major databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Key topics include coumarin biosynthesis, plant and microbial sources, traditional and modern applications, and sustainability practices related to their extraction and commercialization. Coumarins demonstrate potent antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, many of which are linked to structural variations in their core scaffold. Advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology have enabled scalable production and derivatization. Coumarin-based compounds are increasingly being applied in skincare formulations, eco-friendly agrochemicals, and as templates in drug discovery. Ethical sourcing, conservation strategies, and regulatory frameworks play critical roles in ensuring sustainable utilization. Coumarins exemplify the convergence of natural product chemistry and sustainable innovation. Their structural diversity, bioactivity, and multifaceted applications underscore their importance in both traditional and modern contexts. Future research should focus on biosynthetic optimization, novel therapeutic targeting, and integration into circular bioeconomy frameworks to maximize their scientific and societal impact.

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[132]. Elkhawaga OY, Ellety MM, Mofty SO, Ghanem MS, Mohamed AO. Review of natural compounds for potential psoriasis treatment. Inflammopharmacology. 2023;31(3):1183–98.

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[137]. Tayarani-najaran Z, Tayarani-najaran N, Eghbali S. A review of auraptene as an anticancer agent. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021;12:698352.

[138]. Nourbakhsh F, Lotfalizadeh M, Badpeyma M, Shakeri A. From plants to antimicrobials: Natural products against bacterial membranes. Phytotherapy Research. 2022;36(1):33–52.

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[141]. Elsayed AM, Youseif ZM, El-Deeb KS, M EA. Fertility control impact of the aerial parts Ferula tingitana L. via alteration of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis responses of female Wistar rats. Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2022;15(1):14–24.

[142]. Fu PP, Xia Q, Zhao Y, Wang S, Yu H, Chiang HM. Phototoxicity of herbal plants and herbal products. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. 2013;31(3):213–55.

[143]. Rubab L, Afroz S, Ahmad S, Hussain S, Nawaz I, Irfan A. An update on synthesis of coumarin sulfonamides as enzyme inhibitors and anticancer agents. Molecules. 2022;27(5):1604.

[144]. Canivenc-Lavier MC, Bennetau-pelissero C. Phytoestrogens and health effects. Nutrients. 2023;15(2):317.

[145]. Kubrak TP, Makuch-kocka A, Aebisher D. Coumarins in anticancer therapy: mechanisms of action, potential applications and research perspectives. Pharmaceutics. 2025;17(5):595.

[146]. Mustafa YF. Synthesis of 7,8-dihydroxy-4-phenylbenzo[g]coumarins as potential multitarget anti-skin-aging candidates. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2025;1321:139806.

[147]. Mustafa YF. Synthesis of novel 6-aminocoumarin derivatives as potential –biocompatible antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2025;1320:139658.

[148]. Mustafa YF. 4-Chloroskimmetine-based derivatives as potential anticancer and antibacterial prospects: Their synthesis and in vitro inspections. Results in Chemistry. 2024;7:101511.

[149]. Zeki MN, Mustafa YF. Synthesis and evaluation of novel ring-conjugated coumarins as biosafe broad-spectrum antimicrobial candidates. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2024;1309:138192.

[150]. Mustafa YF, Jebir RM. Plant-derived extracts and conventional drugs : A new frontier in antimicrobial therapy. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology. 2025;14(2):163–87.

[151]. Mustafa YF, Faisal AF, Alshaher MM, Hassan DA. Food-Derived Micronutrients as Alleviators of Age-Related Dysfunction: A Dive into Their Effects and Cellular Mechanisms. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2025; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-024-01297-7

[152]. Faisal AF, Mustafa YF. Capsicum in Clinical Biochemistry: Insights into its Role in Health and Disease. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2025; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-025-01317-0

[153]. Jasim SF, Mustafa YF. New fused-coumarin composites: Synthesis, anticancer and antioxidant potentials evaluation. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2022;4(7):607–19.

[154]. Zeki NM, Mustafa YF. Coumarin hybrids for targeted therapies: A promising approach for potential drug candidates. Phytochemistry Letters. 2024;60:117–33.

[155]. Zeki NM, Mustafa YF. Novel heterocyclic coumarin annulates: synthesis and figuring their roles in biomedicine, bench-to-bedside investigation. Chemical Papers. 2024;78:4935–51.

[156]. Mustafa YF. Nutraceutical-based telomerase inhibitors: Renewed hope for cancer therapy. Phytomedicine Plus. 2024;4(2):100537.

[157]. Shahzadi I, Ali Z, Baek SH, Mirza B, Seok A. Assessment of the antitumor potential of umbelliprenin , a naturally occurring sesquiterpene coumarin. Biomedicines. 2020;8(5):126.

[158]. Shakiba M, Rassouli FB. Joining up the scattered anticancer knowledge on auraptene and umbelliprenin: a meta-analysis. Scientific Reports. 2024;14(1):11770.

[159]. Zeki NM, Mustafa YF. Coumarin hybrids: a sighting of their roles in drug targeting. Chemical Papers. 2024;78:5753–5772.

[160]. Kasim SM, Abdulaziz NT, Jasim MH, Mustafa YF. Resveratrol in cancer chemotherapy: Is it a preventer, protector, or fighter? Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2023;5(7):576–87.

[161]. Maashi MS, Al-Mualm M, Al-Awsi GRL, Opulencia MJC, Al-Gazally ME, Abdullaev B, Abdelbasset WK, Ansari MJ, Jalil AT, Alsaikhan F, Shalaby MN, Mustafa YF. Apigenin alleviates resistance to doxorubicin in breast cancer cells by acting on the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Molecular Biology Reports. 2022;49(9):8777–84.

[162]. Metwaly AM, Ghoneim MM, Eissa IH, Elsehemy IA, Mostafa AE, Hegazy MM, Afifi WM, Dou D. Traditional ancient Egyptian medicine: A review. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021;28(10):5823–32.

[163]. Mustafa YF, Al-Shakarchi W. The psychotropic potential of coumarins: Mechanisms, efficacy, and future prospects. Environment and Social Psychology. 2025;10(3):3534.

[164]. Mohammed Alshaher M, Fakri Mustafa Y. From laboratory to computer models: Enhancing coumarin discovery through interdisciplinary research. Applied Chemical Engineering. 2025;8(1):5613.

[165]. Oliveira-Alves S, Lourenço S, Fernandes TA, Canas S. Coumarins in Spirit Beverages: Sources, Quantification, and Their Involvement in Quality, Authenticity and Food Safety. Applied Sciences. 2024;14(3):1010.

[166]. Alshaher MM, Mustafa YF. Linear pyranocoumarins are potential dazzling dancers between nature, chemistry, and clinical application. Phytomedicine Plus. 2025;5(2):100785.

[167]. Mustafa YF. 3-mercaptocoumarins as potential bioactive candidates: From novel synthesis to comparative analysis. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2025;1320:139657.

[168]. Teaford MF, Ungar PS, Grine FE. Changing perspectives on early hominin diets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2023;120(7):e2201421120.

[169]. Jebir MR, Mustafa YF. Kidney stones: natural remedies and lifestyle modifications to alleviate their burden. International Urology and Nephrology. 2024;56(3):1025–33.

[170]. Khoury B, Rafeh M, Bou Dargham Z. Traditional healing for physical and mental problems in the Arab region: past and current practices. BJPsych International. 2024;21(2):44–6.

[171]. Sowa-Borowiec P, Czernicka M, Jarecki W, Dżugan M. Sweet Clover (Melilotus spp.) as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds. Molecules. 2025;30(3):526.

[172]. Seyyedi-Mansour S, Donn P, Barciela P, Perez-Vazquez A, Nogueira-Marques R, Chamorro F, Carpena M, Prieto MA. Citrus aurantium Flowers: Overview of Chemistry, Functionality, and Technological Applications. Molecules. 2025;30(4):930.

[173]. Abdulaziz NT, Mustafa YF. The Effect of Heat Variable on the Chemical Composition and Bioactivities of a Citrullus lanatus Seed Aqueous Extracts. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences. 2022;5(7):1166–76.

[174]. Mustafaa YF. New Coumarin-Metronidazole Composites: Synthesis, Biocompatibility, and Anti-anaerobic Bacterial Activity. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 2024;50(1):201–10.

[175]. Waheed SA, Mustafa YF. The in vitro effects of new albocarbon-based coumarins on blood glucose-controlling enzymes. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences. 2022;5(6):954–67.

[176]. Kamal IK, Mahmood AT, Mustafa YF. Synthesis of Eugenol-Derived Coumarins as Broad-Spectrum Biosafe Antimicrobial Agents. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 2024;50(6):2240–51.

[177]. Mahmood AT, Kamal IK, Mustafa YF. Coumarin Backbone as a Door-Opening Key for Investigating Chloroxylenol as Oral Antimicrobial Agents: an In Vitro–In Silico Study. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 2024;50(6):2252–68.

[178]. Mazin Zeki N, Fakri Mustafa Y. Annulated Heterocyclic[ g ]Coumarin Composites: Synthetic Approaches and Bioactive Profiling. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 2024;21(3):e202301855.

[179]. Jibroo RN, Mustafa YF, Al-Shakarchi W. Synthesis and evaluation of linearly fused thiadiazolocoumarins as prospects with broad-spectrum bioactivity. Results in Chemistry. 2024;7:101494.

[180]. Ismael RN, Mustafa YF, Al-Qazaz HK. Cancer-curative potential of novel coumarins from watermelon princess: A scenario of their isolation and activity. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2022;4(7):657–72.

[181]. Al Abdeen SHZ, Mustafa YF, Mutlag SH. Synthesis and biomedical activities of novel multifunctional benzodipyrone-based derivatives. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2022;4(10):938–49.

[182]. Matos LC, Machado JP, Monteiro FJ, Greten HJ. Understanding Traditional Chinese Medicine Therapeutics: An Overview of the Basics and Clinical Applications. Healthcare. 2021;9(3):257.

[183]. Mustafa YF, Bashir MK, Oglah MK. Influence of albocarbon-cyclic hybridization on biomedical activities: A review. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences. 2022;5(4):518–35.

[184]. Duan Z, Yan Q, Wu F, Wang Y, Wang S, Zong X, Zhou P, Zhang J. Genome-Wide Analysis of the UDP-Glycosyltransferase Family Reveals Its Roles in Coumarin Biosynthesis and Abiotic Stress in Melilotus albus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(19):10826.

[185]. Alshaher MM, Mustafa YF. Synthesis of Dioxane-fused Coumarins as a new class of biosafe multifunctional therapeutic candidates : A journey from In Vitro to In Silico prediction. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 2025;8(1):5652.

[186]. Burrini N, Pâris A, Collet G, Lafite P, Daniellou R. Biocatalytic Synthesis of Coumarin S-Glycosides: Towards Non-Cytotoxic Probes for Biomedical Imaging and Sensing. Molecules. 2024;29(6):1322.

[187]. Mustafa YF. Mechanistic insights into the anti-obesity actions of coumarins: Therapeutic potential and future directions. Obesity Medicine. 2025;55:100620.

[188]. Mazin Zeki N, M.Z. Othman K, Fakri Mustafa Y. Computational Chemistry: A game-changer in the drug discovery field. Applied Chemical Engineering. 2025;8(1):ACE-5601.

[189]. Lv J, Ibrahim YS, Yumashev A, Hjazi A, Faraz A, Alnajar MJ, Qasim MT, Ghildiyal P, Hussein Zwamel A, Fakri Mustafa Y. A comprehensive immunobiology review of IBD: With a specific glance to Th22 lymphocytes development, biology, function, and role in IBD. International Immunopharmacology. 2024;137:112486.

[190]. Alnuqaydan AM. The dark side of beauty: an in-depth analysis of the health hazards and toxicological impact of synthetic cosmetics and personal care products. Frontiers in Public Health. 2024;12:1439027.

[191]. Mustafa YF, Bashir MK, Oglah MK. Synthesis, antioxidant and antitumor activities of new coumarins grafted to 5-fluorouracil. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2022;20(2):359–65.

[192]. Nejres AM, Mustafa YF, Aldewachi HS. Evaluation of natural asphalt properties treated with egg shell waste and low density polyethylene. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 2022;23(1):39–45.

[193]. Raya I, Chupradit S, Kadhim MM, Mahmoud MZ, Jalil AT, Surendar A, Ghafel ST, Mustafa YF, Bochvar AN. Role of Compositional Changes on Thermal, Magnetic and Mechanical Properties of Fe-P-C-Based Amorphous Alloys. Chinese Physics B. 2022;31(1):016401.

[194]. Al-Shakarchi W, Abdulaziz NT, Mustafa YF. A review of the chemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacological aspects of quercetin. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2022;4(7):645–56.

[195]. Mustafa YF. Effects of heat variables on the starch content of cooked white rice: Searching for diabetes-friendly food. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre. 2024;31:100395.

[196]. Mustafa YF. When the gut Speaks: The hidden toll of irritable bowel syndrome on body and mind. Gastroenterology & Endoscopy. 2025;3(3):135–51.

[197]. Ban AA, Ibrahim BY, Mustafa YF. The Protective Role of Natural Coumarins Derivatives and Anpro Supplement Against Aflatoxin B1 Pollution in the Quails Coturnix Japonica Diet. Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture. 2023;51(1):1–13.

[198]. Sánchez-Bayo F. Indirect Effect of Pesticides on Insects and Other Arthropods. Toxics. 2021;9(8):177.

[199]. Kiely C, Randall N, Kaczorowska-Dolowry M. The application of allelopathy in integrated pest management systems to control temperate European crop pests: a systematic map. CABI Agriculture and Bioscience. 2023;4(1):42.

[200]. Liu S, Ma A, Li J, Du Z, Zhu L, Feng G. Coumarin Promotes Hypocotyl Elongation by Increasing the Synthesis of Brassinosteroids in Plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025;26(3):1092.

[201]. Jasim MHM, Mustafa YF. Synthesis of Acetaminophen‐Based Coumarins as Selective COX‐2 Inhibitors: An in vitro‐in silico Study. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 2024;21(10):e202401309.

[202]. Boonman CCF, Serra-Diaz JM, Hoeks S, Guo WY, Enquist BJ, Maitner B, Malhi Y, Merow C, Buitenwerf R, Svenning JC. More than 17,000 tree species are at risk from rapid global change. Nature Communications. 2024;15(1):166.

[203]. Hassan DA, Mustafa YF. Novel 1,3-dioxolane–coumarin hybrids: From synthesis to pharmacological In Vitro-In Silico profiling. Applied Chemical Engineering. 2025;8(1):5651.

[204]. Marcelino S, Hamdane S, Gaspar PD, Paço A. Sustainable Agricultural Practices for the Production of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Evidence and Recommendations. Sustainability. 2023;15(19):14095.

[205]. Al-Shakarchi W, Mustafa YF. Coumarins in the human–nature nexus: Exploring their environmental and psychological footprint. Environment and Social Psychology. 2025;10(4):3641.

[206]. Mohammed ET, Khalil RR, Mustafa YF. Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Quince Seeds’ Extracts. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences. 2022;5(6):968–79.

[207]. Mustafa YF. Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of novel heterocycle, coumacine, and two of its derivatives. Saudi pharmaceutical journal. 2018;26(6):870–5.

[208]. Filho WL, Lütz JM, Totin E, Ayal D, Mendy E. Obstacles to implementing indigenous knowledge in climate change adaptation in Africa. Journal of Environmental Management. 2025;373:123678.

[209]. Hachem K, Jasim SA, Al-Gazally ME, Riadi Y, Yasin G, Turki Jalil A, Abdulkadhm MM, Saleh MM, Fenjan MN, Mustafa YF, Dehno Khalaji A. Adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by magnetic chitosan-salicylaldehyde Schiff base: Synthesis, characterization, thermal study and antibacterial activity. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society. 2022;69(3):512–21.

[210]. Cartledge K, Short FL, Hall A, Lambert K, McDonald MJ, Lithgow T. Ethical bioprospecting and microbial assessments for sustainable solutions to the AMR crisis. IUBMB Life. 2025;77(1):e2931.

[211]. Mustafa YF, Bashir MK, Oglah MK. Original and innovative advances in the synthetic schemes of coumarin-based derivatives: A review. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. 2020;11(6):598–612.

[212]. Mustafa YF, Khalil RR, Mohammed ET. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts acquired from the seeds of two apples ’ cultivars. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. 2020;11(2):382–7.

[213]. Rahman MH, Roy B, Chowdhury GM, Hasan A, Saimun MSR. Medicinal plant sources and traditional healthcare practices of forest-dependent communities in and around Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary in southeastern Bangladesh. Environmental Sustainability. 2022;5(2):207–41.

[214]. Seleteng-Kose LE, Likoetla P, Motjotji L. Plants of Commercial Importance in Lesotho: Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Insights. Cosmetics. 2023;10(1):28.

[215]. Rohmah MK, Salahdin OD, Gupta R, Muzammil K, Qasim MT, Al-qaim ZH, Abbas NF, Jawad MA, Yasin G, Mustafa YF, Heidary A, Abarghouei S. Modulatory role of dietary curcumin and resveratrol on growth performance, serum immunity responses, mucus enzymes activity, antioxidant capacity and serum and mucus biochemicals in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio exposed to abamectin. Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 2022;129:221–30.

[216]. Papageorgiou D, Bebeli PJ, Panitsa M, Schunko C. Local knowledge about sustainable harvesting and availability of wild medicinal plant species in Lemnos island, Greece. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2020;16(1):36.

[217]. Abdulaziz NT, Al-bazzaz FY, Mustafa YF. Natural products for attenuating Alzheimer’s disease: A narrative review. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2023;5(4):358–70.

[218]. Al Abdeen SHZ, Mustafa YF, Mutlag SH. Synthesis of disubstituted anisolodipyronederived ester compounds: The search for new bioactive candidates. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2022;4(11):1171–83.

[219]. Golmohammadi M, Ivraghi MS, Hasan EK, Huldani H, Zamanian MY, Rouzbahani S, Mustafa YF, Al-Hasnawi SS, Alazbjee AAA, Khalajimoqim F, Khalaj F. Protective effects of pioglitazone in renal ischemia–reperfusion injury (RIRI): focus on oxidative stress and inflammation. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology. 2024;28(10):955–68.

[220]. Abdulaziz NT, Mustafa YF. Anticancer properties of hymecromone-derived compounds: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2021;13(1):2163–74.

[221]. Hammoodi SH, Ismael SS, Mustafa YF. Mutual prodrugs for colon targeting: A review. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2022;4(12):1251–65.

[222]. Hsu C, Pallathadka H, Gupta J, Ma H, Al‐Shukri HHK, Kareem AK, Zwamel AH, Mustafa YF. Berberine and berberine nanoformulations in cancer therapy: Focusing on lung cancer. Phytotherapy Research. 2024;38(8):4336–50.

[223]. Al-Shakarchi W, Saber Y, Merkhan MM, Mustafa YF. Sub Chronic Toxicity Study of Coumacines. Pharmacognosy Journal. 2023;15(1):160–4.

[224]. Al-Shakarchi W, Saber Y, Merkhan M, Mustafa Y. Acute toxicity of coumacines: An in vivo study. Georgian medical news. 2023;(338):126–31.

[225]. Jasim SF, Mustafa YF. Synthesis and Antidiabetic Assessment of New Coumarin-Disubstituted Benzene Conjugates: An In Silico-In Virto Study. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences. 2022;5(6):887–99.

[226]. Sarhan MO, Abd El-Karim SS, Anwar MM, Gouda RH, Zaghary WA, Khedr MA. Discovery of New Coumarin-Based Lead with Potential Anticancer, CDK4 Inhibition and Selective Radiotheranostic Effect: Synthesis, 2D & 3D QSAR, Molecular Dynamics, In Vitro Cytotoxicity, Radioiodination, and Biodistribution Studies. Molecules. 2021;26(8):2273.

[227]. Younis MA, Hamid OA, Dhaher R, Saber Y, Al-shakarchi W, Merkhan MM, Mustafa YF. Characterization of the renal safety profiles of coumacines. Pharmakeftiki. 2023;35(4):57–63.

[228]. Alshahrani SH, Ramaiah P, Dheyab AS, Rudiansyah M, Qasim QA, Altalbawy FMA, Obaid RF, Almulla AF, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Gabr GA, Nasirin C, Mustafa YF, Amin Naghda A. The effect of watermelon supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2023;41:100726.

[229]. Al-hatim RR, Al-alnabi DIB, Al-younis ZK, Al-shawi SG, Singh K, Abdelbasset WK, Mustafa YF. Extraction of tea polyphenols based on orthogonal test method and its application in food preservation. Food Science and Technology. 2022;42:e70321.

[230]. Mohammed ET, Mustafa YF. Coumarins from Red Delicious apple seeds: Extraction, phytochemical analysis, and evaluation as antimicrobial agents. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. 2020;11(2):64–70.

[231]. Hamed Althomali R, Abdu Musad Saleh E, Gupta J, Shukhratovich Abdullaev S, Awadhesh C, Fenjan MN, Hussien Radie Alawadi A, Mohammed Y, Alsalamy A, Fakri Mustafa Y. A poly(2,6-diaminopyridine) functionalized magnetic porous carbon nanomaterial for extraction and determination of phenol, nitrophenols, and chlorophenols in water samples. Microchemical Journal. 2024;197:109738.

[232]. Abohassan M, Fayzullaev N, Edris G, Uthirapathy S, Sanghvi G, Vakada NBR, Sharma S, Nakash P, Mustafa YF, Shallan MA. Supercritical extraction of salicin, aspirin precursor, from the willow bark, laboratory optimization via response surface methodology and mathematical modeling. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 2025;219:106540.

[233]. Hamadan R, Al-Taee MM, Mahdi AB, Hadrawi SK, Dwijendra NKA, Kavitha M, Mustafa YF, Wadday AK. Entrapment of polyethylene terephthalate derived carbon in Ca-alginate beads for solid phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental water samples. Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 2022;146:110147.

[234]. Al Aboud NM. Unlocking the genetic potential: Strategies for enhancing secondary metabolite biosynthesis in plants. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 2024;23(8):542–54.

[235]. Al-Zahrani S, Astudillo-Calderón S, Pintos B, Pérez-Urria E, Manzanera JA, Martín L, Gomez-Garay A. Role of Synthetic Plant Extracts on the Production of Silver-Derived Nanoparticles. Plants. 2021;10(8):1671.

[236]. Setia Budi H, Javed Ansari M, Abdalkareem Jasim S, Abdelbasset WK, Bokov D, Fakri Mustafa Y, Najm MAA, Kazemnejadi M. Preparation of antibacterial Gel/PCL nanofibers reinforced by dicalcium phosphate-modified graphene oxide with control release of clindamycin for possible application in bone tissue engineering. Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 2022;139:109336.

[237]. Bdelbasset WAKAA, Asim SAABJ, Harma SAKUS, Argiana RIAM, Okov DMOLB, Baid MAAO, Ussein BAABEDH, Afta HOAL. Alginate-based hydrogels and tubes , as biological macromolecule-based platforms for peripheral nerve tissue engineering : A review. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2022;

[238]. Al-abdeen SHZ, Mustafa YF. Synthesis and Biological Potentials of Novel Benzodipyrone- Based Derivatives. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences. 2022;5(6):1026–39.

[239]. Duarte JD, Cavallari LH. Pharmacogenetics to guide cardiovascular drug therapy. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2021;18(9):649–65.

[240]. Bos OJM, Remijn JPM, Fischer MJE, Wilting J, Janssen LHM. Location and characterization of the warfarin binding site of human serum albumin. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1988;37(20):3905–9.

[241]. Atia YA, Bokov DO, Zinnatullovich KR, Kadhim MM, Suksatan W, Abdelbasset WK, Hammoodi HA, Mustafa YF, Cao Y. The role of amino acid functionalization for improvement of adsorption Thioguanine anticancer drugs on the boron nitride nanotubes for drug delivery. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2022;278:125664.

[242]. Chavez D, Amarquaye GN, Mejia-Santana A, Dyotima, Ryan K, Zeng L, Landeta C. Warfarin analogs target disulfide bond-forming enzymes and suggest a residue important for quinone and coumarin binding. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2024;300(6):107383.

[243]. Bloh A hameed, Khamis MF, Altekrety AAA, Mustafa YF, Almashhadani HA, Kadhim MM. Total Oxidants, Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Capacity in the Serum of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results. 2022;13(3):231–5.

[244]. Mahmood AAJ, Mustafa YF, Abdulstaar M. New coumarinic azo-derivatives of metoclopramide and diphenhydramine: Synthesis and in vitro testing for cholinesterase inhibitory effect and protection ability against chlorpyrifos. International Medical Journal Malaysia. 2014;13(1):3–12.

[245]. Mustafa YF, Bashir MK, Oglah MK, Khalil RR, Mohammed ET. Bioactivity of some natural and semisynthetic coumarin derived compounds. NeuroQuantology. 2021;19(6):129–38.

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