ACE-5686

Published

2025-07-30

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Vol. 8 No. 2(Published)

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Original Research Article

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Copyright (c) 2025 Uday Abdul-Reda Hussein, Shaima Abd, Zuhair I. Al-Mashhadani, Fadhil M. Abid, Aseel M. Aljeboree, Ayad F. Alkaim

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How to Cite

Abdul-Reda Hussein, U., Abd, S., Al-Mashhadani, Z. I., M. Abid, F., M. Aljeboree, A., & F. Alkaim, A. (2025). Sustainable removal of amoxicillin and tetracycline from aqueous media using Pine-Leaf derived activated carbon: Adsorption performance and regeneration potential. Applied Chemical Engineering, 8(2), ACE-5686. https://doi.org/10.59429/ace.v8i2.5686

Sustainable removal of amoxicillin and tetracycline from aqueous media using Pine-Leaf derived activated carbon: Adsorption performance and regeneration potential

Uday Abdul-Reda Hussein

Department of pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Al-Ameed, Iraq

Shaima Abd

Department of pharmacy, Al-Manara College For Medical Sciences, (Maysan), Iraq

Zuhair I. Al-Mashhadani

Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, AL-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq

Fadhil M. Abid

Al-Hadi University College, Baghdad,10011, Iraq

Aseel M. Aljeboree

Department of chemistry, college of sciences for women, University of Babylon, Iraq

Ayad F. Alkaim

Department of chemistry, college of sciences for women, University of Babylon, Iraq


DOI: https://doi.org/10.59429/ace.v8i2.5686


Keywords: Amoxicillin (AMX); Tetracycline (TC); drugs, regenerations; removal, adsorption

Abstract

  1. Yazidi A Atrous, M.E.S., Felycia S  Lotfi , Smadji  E Suryadi ,  Alessandro B Petriciolet , Luiz D  Guilherme , Ben L Abdelmottaleb, Adsorption of amoxicillin and tetracycline on activated carbon prepared from durian shell in single and binary systems: Experimental study and modeling analysis. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020. 379: p. 122320.
  2. Azuma, T., K. Otomo, M. Kunitou, M. Shimizu, K. Hosomaru, S. Mikata, Y. Mino, and T. Hayashi, Removal of pharmaceuticals in water by introduction of ozonated microbubbles. . Separation and Purification Technology, , 2019. 212: p. 483-489.
  3. Moussavi, G., Alahabadi, Ahamd,Yaghmaeian, Kamyar,Eskandari, Mahboube, Preparation, characterization and adsorption potential of the NH4Cl-induced activated carbon for the removal of amoxicillin antibiotic from water. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020. 217: p. 119-128.
  4. Karimi-Maleh, H., Tahernejad-Javazmi, Fahimeh, Gupta, Vinod Kumar, Ahmar, Hamid, Asadi, Malek Hossein, A novel biosensor for liquid phase determination of glutathione and amoxicillin in biological and pharmaceutical samples using a ZnO/CNTs nanocomposite/catechol derivative modified electrode. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2020. 196: p. 258-263.
  5. Wei, J., et al., Carbon nanotube/Chitosan hydrogel for adsorption of acid red 73 in aqueous and soil environments. BMC Chemistry, 2023. 17(1): p. 104.
  6. Bader, A.T., A.M. Aljeboree, and A.F. Alkaim, Removal of Methyl Violet (MV) from aqueous solutions by adsorption using activated carbon from pine husks (plant waste sources). Plant Archives, 2019. 19: p. 898-901.
  7. Zainul, R., et al., Exploring the interaction between graphyne and Purinethol: A DFT study of drug loading capacity. Computational and Theoretical Chemistry, 2024. 1238.
  8. Thakur, S., et al., Highly efficient poly(acrylic acid-co-aniline) grafted itaconic acid hydrogel: Application in water retention and adsorption of rhodamine B dye for a sustainable environment. Chemosphere, 2022. 303: p. 134917.
  9. Usmanova, G.S., et al., Preparation of Copolymers Based on Aniline and 2[2-chloro-1-methylbut-2-en-1-yl]Aniline and Their Application for the Removal of Methyl Orange from Aqueous Solutions. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 2025. 33(3): p. 1585-1600: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03419-x.
  10. Rahimkhoei, V., et al., Exploration of electrochemical energy storage potential of MWCNT scaffolds functionalized with Lu2FeMnO6 synthesized via a facile sol–gel Pechini chemical method. Applied Water Science, 2025. 15(6).
  11. Vital-Vilchis, I. and E. Karunakaran, Make it or break it: A review on PHA synthase and depolymerase proteins. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 2025. 33(3): p. 1267-1291: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03474-4.
  12. Karam, F.F., M.I. Kadhim, and A.F. Alkaim, Optimal conditions for synthesis of 1, 4-naphthaquinone by photocatalytic oxidation of naphthalene in closed system reactor. International Journal of Chemical Sciences, 2015. 13(2): p. 650-660.
  13. Aljeboree, A.M. and A.F. Alkaim, Studying removal of anionic dye by prepared highly adsorbent surface hydrogel nanocomposite as an applicable for aqueous solution. Scientific Reports, 2024. 14(1).
  14. Dave, P.N., et al., Fabrication and characterization of a gum ghatti-cl-poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite hydrogel for metformin hydrochloride drug removal from aqueous solution. Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 2023. 6: p. 100349: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2022.100349.
  15. Shen, Y., B. Li, and Z. Zhang, Super-efficient removal and adsorption mechanism of anionic dyes from water by magnetic amino acid-functionalized diatomite/yttrium alginate hybrid beads as an eco-friendly composite. Chemosphere, 2023. 336: p. 139233: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139233.
  16. Aljeboree, A.M. and A.S. Abbas, Removal of Pharmaceutical (Paracetamol) by using CNT/ TiO2 Nanoparticles. Journal of Global Pharma Technology, 2019. 11(1): p. 199-205.
  17. Thamer, B.M., et al., Highly selective and reusable nanoadsorbent based on expansive clay-incorporated polymeric nanofibers for cationic dye adsorption in single and binary systems. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2023. 54: p. 103918: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.103918.
  18. Al-Gubury, H.Y., et al., Photcatalytic degradation n-undecane using coupled ZnO-Co2O3. International Journal of Chemical Sciences, 2015. 13(2): p. 863-874.
  19. Aljeboree, A.M., et al., Synthesis and swelling behavior of highly adsorbent hydrogel for the removal of brilliant green from an aqueous solution: Thermodynamic, kinetic, and isotherm models. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 2024. 10.
  20. Vahid , B., et al., Synthesis and characterization of bio-nanocomposite hydrogel beads based on magnetic hydroxyapatite and chitosan: a pH-sensitive drug delivery system for potential implantable anticancer platform. Polymer Bulletin 2023. 23: p. 1223: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-023-05072-1.
  21. Pathania, D., S. Sharma, and P. Singh, Removal of methylene blue by adsorption onto activated carbon developed from Ficus carica bast. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 10: p. S1445-S1451.
  22. Mulla, B., et al. Removal of Crystal Violet Dye from Aqueous Solutions through Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Fabrics. C, 2024. 10,  DOI: 10.3390/c10010019.
  23. Shumei Zhao, Y.Z., Xinyi Wan, Shuangjiang He, Xulin Yang, Jiaxin Hu, Guiyuan Zhang, Selective and efficient adsorption of anionic dyes by core/shell magnetic MWCNTs nano-hybrid constructed through facial polydopamine tailored graft polymerization: Insight of adsorptionmechanism, kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic study. Journal of Molecular Liquids  2020. 319: p. 1-6.
  24. Sakin, O.A., H. M. ;Belal , H. M.;Arbi,M, Adsorption thermodynamics of cationic dyes (methylene blue and crystal violet) to a natural clay mineral from aqueous solution between 293.15 and 323.15 K. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2019. 11(5): p. 615-623.
  25. Aljeboree, A.M., et al., Optimization of swelling and mechanical behavior of novel pH-sensitive terpolymer biocomposite hydrogel based on activated carbon for removal brilliant blue dye from aqueous solution. Polymer Bulletin, 2024: p. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-024-05588-0.
  26. Irfan, J., et al., A superabsorbent and pH-responsive copolymer-hydrogel based on acemannan from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis M.): A smart material for drug delivery. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024. 270: p. 132306: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132306.
  27. Xiong, J., et al., Hexagonal boron nitride adsorbent: Synthesis, performance tailoring and applications. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2020. 40: p. 99-111.
  28. Jain, S. and R.V. Jayaram, Removal of basic dyes from aqueous solution by low-cost adsorbent: Wood apple shell (Feronia acidissima). Desalination, 2010. 250(3): p. 921-927.
  29. Shoukat, S., et al., Mango stone biocomposite preparation and application for crystal violet adsorption: A mechanistic study. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2017. 239: p. 180-189.
  30. Raji, Y., et al., High adsorption capacities of crystal violet dye by low-cost activated carbon prepared from Moroccan Moringa oleifera wastes: Characterization, adsorption and mechanism study. Diamond and Related Materials, 2023. 135: p. 109834: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2023.109834.
  31. Sultana, S., et al., Adsorption of crystal violet dye by coconut husk powder: Isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics perspectives. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 2022. 17: p. 100651: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2022.100651.
  32. Mosaa, Z.A., et al., Adsorption and removal of textile dye (methylene blue mb) from aqueous solution by activated carbon as a model (apricot stone source waste) of plant role in environmental enhancement. Plant Archives, 2019. 19: p. 910-914.
  33. Shojaeipoor, F., Removal of crystal violet dye from aqueous solution using adsorbent prepared from oak tree fruit waste. Adsorption Science & Technology, 2024. 42: p. 02636174241265247.
  34. Jawad, A.H., et al., Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Seed Pericarp for Crystal Violet Dye Removal: Numerical Desirability Optimization and Mechanism Study. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2024. 235(10): p. 666: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07477-8.
  35. Anuse, D.D., et al., Activated carbon from pencil peel waste for effective removal of cationic crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions. Results in Chemistry, 2025. 13: p. 101949: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101949.
  36. Foroutan, R., et al., Adsorption of crystal violet dye using activated carbon of lemon wood and activated carbon/fe3 o4 magnetic nanocomposite from aqueous solutions: A kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic study. Molecules, 2021. 26(8).
  37. Khan, M.M.R., et al., Tea dust as a potential low-cost adsorbent for the removal of crystal violet from aqueous solution. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2016. 57(31): p. 14728-14738: https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1066272.

References

[1]. Yazidi A Atrous, M.E.S., Felycia S Lotfi , Smadji E Suryadi , Alessandro B Petriciolet , Luiz D Guilherme , Ben L Abdelmottaleb, Adsorption of amoxicillin and tetracycline on activated carbon prepared from durian shell in single and binary systems: Experimental study and modeling analysis. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020. 379: p. 122320.

[2]. Azuma, T., K. Otomo, M. Kunitou, M. Shimizu, K. Hosomaru, S. Mikata, Y. Mino, and T. Hayashi, Removal of pharmaceuticals in water by introduction of ozonated microbubbles. . Separation and Purification Technology, , 2019. 212: p. 483-489.

[3]. Moussavi, G., Alahabadi, Ahamd,Yaghmaeian, Kamyar,Eskandari, Mahboube, Preparation, characterization and adsorption potential of the NH4Cl-induced activated carbon for the removal of amoxicillin antibiotic from water. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020. 217: p. 119-128.

[4]. Karimi-Maleh, H., Tahernejad-Javazmi, Fahimeh, Gupta, Vinod Kumar, Ahmar, Hamid, Asadi, Malek Hossein, A novel biosensor for liquid phase determination of glutathione and amoxicillin in biological and pharmaceutical samples using a ZnO/CNTs nanocomposite/catechol derivative modified electrode. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2020. 196: p. 258-263.

[5]. Wei, J., et al., Carbon nanotube/Chitosan hydrogel for adsorption of acid red 73 in aqueous and soil environments. BMC Chemistry, 2023. 17(1): p. 104.

[6]. Bader, A.T., A.M. Aljeboree, and A.F. Alkaim, Removal of Methyl Violet (MV) from aqueous solutions by adsorption using activated carbon from pine husks (plant waste sources). Plant Archives, 2019. 19: p. 898-901.

[7]. Zainul, R., et al., Exploring the interaction between graphyne and Purinethol: A DFT study of drug loading capacity. Computational and Theoretical Chemistry, 2024. 1238.

[8]. Thakur, S., et al., Highly efficient poly(acrylic acid-co-aniline) grafted itaconic acid hydrogel: Application in water retention and adsorption of rhodamine B dye for a sustainable environment. Chemosphere, 2022. 303: p. 134917.

[9]. Usmanova, G.S., et al., Preparation of Copolymers Based on Aniline and 2[2-chloro-1-methylbut-2-en-1-yl]Aniline and Their Application for the Removal of Methyl Orange from Aqueous Solutions. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 2025. 33(3): p. 1585-1600: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03419-x.

[10]. Rahimkhoei, V., et al., Exploration of electrochemical energy storage potential of MWCNT scaffolds functionalized with Lu2FeMnO6 synthesized via a facile sol–gel Pechini chemical method. Applied Water Science, 2025. 15(6).

[11]. Vital-Vilchis, I. and E. Karunakaran, Make it or break it: A review on PHA synthase and depolymerase proteins. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 2025. 33(3): p. 1267-1291: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03474-4.

[12]. Karam, F.F., M.I. Kadhim, and A.F. Alkaim, Optimal conditions for synthesis of 1, 4-naphthaquinone by photocatalytic oxidation of naphthalene in closed system reactor. International Journal of Chemical Sciences, 2015. 13(2): p. 650-660.

[13]. Aljeboree, A.M. and A.F. Alkaim, Studying removal of anionic dye by prepared highly adsorbent surface hydrogel nanocomposite as an applicable for aqueous solution. Scientific Reports, 2024. 14(1).

[14]. Dave, P.N., et al., Fabrication and characterization of a gum ghatti-cl-poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite hydrogel for metformin hydrochloride drug removal from aqueous solution. Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 2023. 6: p. 100349: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2022.100349.

[15]. Shen, Y., B. Li, and Z. Zhang, Super-efficient removal and adsorption mechanism of anionic dyes from water by magnetic amino acid-functionalized diatomite/yttrium alginate hybrid beads as an eco-friendly composite. Chemosphere, 2023. 336: p. 139233: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139233.

[16]. Aljeboree, A.M. and A.S. Abbas, Removal of Pharmaceutical (Paracetamol) by using CNT/ TiO2 Nanoparticles. Journal of Global Pharma Technology, 2019. 11(1): p. 199-205.

[17]. Thamer, B.M., et al., Highly selective and reusable nanoadsorbent based on expansive clay-incorporated polymeric nanofibers for cationic dye adsorption in single and binary systems. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2023. 54: p. 103918: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.103918.

[18]. Al-Gubury, H.Y., et al., Photcatalytic degradation n-undecane using coupled ZnO-Co2O3. International Journal of Chemical Sciences, 2015. 13(2): p. 863-874.

[19]. Aljeboree, A.M., et al., Synthesis and swelling behavior of highly adsorbent hydrogel for the removal of brilliant green from an aqueous solution: Thermodynamic, kinetic, and isotherm models. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 2024. 10.

[20]. Vahid , B., et al., Synthesis and characterization of bio-nanocomposite hydrogel beads based on magnetic hydroxyapatite and chitosan: a pH-sensitive drug delivery system for potential implantable anticancer platform. Polymer Bulletin 2023. 23: p. 1223: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-023-05072-1.

[21]. Pathania, D., S. Sharma, and P. Singh, Removal of methylene blue by adsorption onto activated carbon developed from Ficus carica bast. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 10: p. S1445-S1451.

[22]. Mulla, B., et al. Removal of Crystal Violet Dye from Aqueous Solutions through Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Fabrics. C, 2024. 10, DOI: 10.3390/c10010019.

[23]. Shumei Zhao, Y.Z., Xinyi Wan, Shuangjiang He, Xulin Yang, Jiaxin Hu, Guiyuan Zhang, Selective and efficient adsorption of anionic dyes by core/shell magnetic MWCNTs nano-hybrid constructed through facial polydopamine tailored graft polymerization: Insight of adsorptionmechanism, kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic study. Journal of Molecular Liquids 2020. 319: p. 1-6.

[24]. Sakin, O.A., H. M. ;Belal , H. M.;Arbi,M, Adsorption thermodynamics of cationic dyes (methylene blue and crystal violet) to a natural clay mineral from aqueous solution between 293.15 and 323.15 K. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2019. 11(5): p. 615-623.

[25]. Aljeboree, A.M., et al., Optimization of swelling and mechanical behavior of novel pH-sensitive terpolymer biocomposite hydrogel based on activated carbon for removal brilliant blue dye from aqueous solution. Polymer Bulletin, 2024: p. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-024-05588-0.

[26]. Irfan, J., et al., A superabsorbent and pH-responsive copolymer-hydrogel based on acemannan from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis M.): A smart material for drug delivery. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024. 270: p. 132306: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132306.

[27]. Xiong, J., et al., Hexagonal boron nitride adsorbent: Synthesis, performance tailoring and applications. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2020. 40: p. 99-111.

[28]. Jain, S. and R.V. Jayaram, Removal of basic dyes from aqueous solution by low-cost adsorbent: Wood apple shell (Feronia acidissima). Desalination, 2010. 250(3): p. 921-927.

[29]. Shoukat, S., et al., Mango stone biocomposite preparation and application for crystal violet adsorption: A mechanistic study. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2017. 239: p. 180-189.

[30]. Raji, Y., et al., High adsorption capacities of crystal violet dye by low-cost activated carbon prepared from Moroccan Moringa oleifera wastes: Characterization, adsorption and mechanism study. Diamond and Related Materials, 2023. 135: p. 109834: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2023.109834.

[31]. Sultana, S., et al., Adsorption of crystal violet dye by coconut husk powder: Isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics perspectives. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 2022. 17: p. 100651: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2022.100651.

[32]. Mosaa, Z.A., et al., Adsorption and removal of textile dye (methylene blue mb) from aqueous solution by activated carbon as a model (apricot stone source waste) of plant role in environmental enhancement. Plant Archives, 2019. 19: p. 910-914.

[33]. Shojaeipoor, F., Removal of crystal violet dye from aqueous solution using adsorbent prepared from oak tree fruit waste. Adsorption Science & Technology, 2024. 42: p. 02636174241265247.

[34]. Jawad, A.H., et al., Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Seed Pericarp for Crystal Violet Dye Removal: Numerical Desirability Optimization and Mechanism Study. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2024. 235(10): p. 666: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07477-8.

[35]. Anuse, D.D., et al., Activated carbon from pencil peel waste for effective removal of cationic crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions. Results in Chemistry, 2025. 13: p. 101949: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101949.

[36]. Foroutan, R., et al., Adsorption of crystal violet dye using activated carbon of lemon wood and activated carbon/fe3 o4 magnetic nanocomposite from aqueous solutions: A kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic study. Molecules, 2021. 26(8).

[37]. Khan, M.M.R., et al., Tea dust as a potential low-cost adsorbent for the removal of crystal violet from aqueous solution. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2016. 57(31): p. 14728-14738: https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1066272.



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