Applied Chemical Engineering

Coumarins in applied chemical engineering: From natural scaffolds to functional materials

Yasser Fakri Mustafa

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59429/ace.v8i2.5697

Keywords: coumarins; chemical engineering; green synthesis; biomaterials; catalysis; drug design

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Abstract

Background: Coumarins, a class of naturally occurring α-benzopyrones, have attracted substantial interest due to their diverse structural versatility and wide range of industrial and biomedical applications. Their photophysical properties, reactive moieties, and ease of functionalization position them as valuable agents in applied chemical engineering. Aim: This review aims to comprehensively examine the role of coumarins in applied chemical engineering, highlighting their transition from natural plant-derived scaffolds to synthetic molecules with advanced functionalities for industrial and pharmaceutical use.

Methods: The article compiles and analyzes current literature on the sources, biosynthesis, and synthetic strategies for coumarins and their derivatives. It explores their physicochemical properties, functionalization methods, and implementation in diverse applications, including material science, catalysis, drug development, and environmental remediation. Results: Coumarins exhibit significant promise in various domains due to their inherent photoreactivity, electronic delocalization, and biological compatibility. Engineered coumarin-based materials have demonstrated practical utility in bioimaging, smart coatings, sensors, and therapeutic agents. The review also discusses eco-friendly synthesis techniques, recent advances in structure-activity relationships, and challenges associated with scalability and toxicity.

Conclusion: Coumarins represent a crucial intersection between natural product chemistry and modern engineering. Their multifunctionality enables them to serve as adaptable platforms for the design of next-generation materials and therapeutics. Future work should prioritize sustainable production methods, industrial scalability, and enhanced biocompatibility to unlock their full potential in applied chemical engineering.

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[124]. Tang M, Hu X, Wang Y, Yao X, Zhang W, Yu C, Cheng F, Li J, Fang Q. Ivermectin, a potential anticancer drug derived from an antiparasitic drug. Pharmacological Research. 2021;163:105207.

[125]. Mohammed Alshaher M, Fakri Mustafa Y. From laboratory to computer models: Enhancing coumarin discovery through interdisciplinary research. Applied Chemical Engineering. 2025;8(1):5613.

[126]. Grin M, Suvorov N, Ostroverkhov P, Pogorilyy V, Kirin N, Popov A, Sazonova A, Filonenko E. Advantages of combined photodynamic therapy in the treatment of oncological diseases. Biophysical Reviews. 2022;14(4):941–63.

[127]. Mustafa YF, Al-Shakarchi W. The psychotropic potential of coumarins: Mechanisms, efficacy, and future prospects. Environment and Social Psychology. 2025;10(3):3534.

[128]. Vigueras G, Izquierdo-García E, de la Torre-Rubio E, Abad-Montero D, Santana MD, Marchán V, Ruiz J. Metal–coumarin derivatives as promising photosensitizers: unlocking their cancer phototherapy potential. Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers. 2025;

[129]. kianfar ehsan, Abed Hussein B, Mahdi AB, Emad Izzat S, Acwin Dwijendra NK, Romero Parra RM, Barboza Arenas LA, Mustafa Y, Yasin G, Thaeer Hammid A. Production, Structural properties Nano biochar and Effects Nano biochar in soil: A review. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry. 2022;0(0):0–0.

[130]. Hamadan R, Al-Taee MM, Mahdi AB, Hadrawi SK, Dwijendra NKA, Kavitha M, Mustafa YF, Wadday AK. Entrapment of polyethylene terephthalate derived carbon in Ca-alginate beads for solid phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental water samples. Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 2022;146:110147.

[131]. Chen YZ, Wang SR, Li T, Zhang GC, Yang J. Antifungal Activity of 6-Methylcoumarin against Valsa mali and Its Possible Mechanism of Action. Journal of Fungi. 2022;9(1):5.

[132]. Alshaher MM, Mustafa YF. Synthesis of triclosan-derived coumarins as potent, biocompatible, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. Applied Chemical Engineering. 2024;7(4):5579.

[133]. Kamal IK, Mahmood AT, Mustafa YF. Synthesis of Eugenol-Derived Coumarins as Broad-Spectrum Biosafe Antimicrobial Agents. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 2024;50(6):2240–51.

[134]. Mahmood AT, Kamal IK, Mustafa YF. Coumarin Backbone as a Door-Opening Key for Investigating Chloroxylenol as Oral Antimicrobial Agents: an In Vitro–In Silico Study. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 2024;50(6):2252–68.

[135]. Huang R, Wu J, Zhang M, Liu B, Zheng Z, Luo D. Strategies to enhance photocatalytic activity of graphite carbon nitride-based photocatalysts. Materials & Design. 2021;210:110040.

[136]. Cormican CM, Bektaş S, Martin‐Martinez FJ, Alexander S. Emerging Trends in Bioinspired Superhydrophobic and Superoleophobic Sustainable Surfaces. Advanced Materials. 2025;37(12):2415961.

[137]. Khammas R, Koivuluoto H. Durable Icephobic Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS) Using Flame- and Cold-Spraying. Sustainability. 2022;14(14):8422.

[138]. Mustafa YF. Applications of artificial intelligence in the synthesis, docking, and pharmacological profiling of coumarins. Applied Chemical Engineering. 2025;8(2):5678.

[139]. Pinaeva LG, Noskov AS. Biodegradable biopolymers: Real impact to environment pollution. Science of The Total Environment. 2024;947:174445.

[140]. Reichert CL, Bugnicourt E, Coltelli MB, Cinelli P, Lazzeri A, Canesi I, Braca F, Martínez BM, Alonso R, Agostinis L, Verstichel S, Six L, Mets S De, Gómez EC, Ißbrücker C, Geerinck R, Nettleton DF, Campos I, et al. Bio-Based Packaging: Materials, Modifications, Industrial Applications and Sustainability. Polymers. 2020;12(7):1558.

[141]. Al-hatim RR, Al-alnabi DIB, Al-younis ZK, Al-shawi SG, Singh K, Abdelbasset WK, Mustafa YF. Extraction of tea polyphenols based on orthogonal test method and its application in food preservation. Food Science and Technology. 2022;42:e70321.

[142]. Kowalewska A, Majewska-Smolarek K. Eugenol-Based Polymeric Materials—Antibacterial Activity and Applications. Antibiotics. 2023;12(11):1570.

[143]. Al Abdeen SHZ, Mustafa YF, Mutlag SH. Synthesis and biomedical activities of novel multifunctional benzodipyrone-based derivatives. Eurasian Chem Commun. 2022;4(10):938–49.

[144]. Chaachouay N, Zidane L. Plant-Derived Natural Products: A Source for Drug Discovery and Development. Drugs and Drug Candidates. 2024;3(1):184–207.

[145]. Mustafa YF, Bashir MK, Oglah MK. Influence of albocarbon-cyclic hybridization on biomedical activities: A review. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences. 2022;5(4):518–35.

[146]. Lončar M, Jakovljević M, Šubarić D, Pavlić M, Buzjak Služek V, Cindrić I, Molnar M. Coumarins in Food and Methods of Their Determination. Foods. 2020;9(5):645.

[147]. Govêa KP, Pereira RST, de Assis MDO, Alves PI, Brancaglion GA, Toyota AE, Machado JVC, Carvalho DT, de Souza TC, Beijo LA, Trindade L de OR, Barbosa S. Allelochemical Activity of Eugenol-Derived Coumarins on Lactuca sativa L. Plants. 2020;9(4):533.

[148]. Islam T, Danishuddin, Tamanna NT, Matin MN, Barai HR, Haque MA. Resistance Mechanisms of Plant Pathogenic Fungi to Fungicide, Environmental Impacts of Fungicides, and Sustainable Solutions. Plants. 2024;13(19):2737.