Applied Chemical Engineering

Enhanced photoelectrocatalysis degradation of batik wastewater using Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂)

Nur Qudus

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia

Harianingsih Harianingsih

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia

Virgiawan Adi Kristianto

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia

Indra Sakti Pangestu

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia

Satria Agung Saputra

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia

Nurul Padilah Rahmawati

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia

Asti Dwi Afidah

DSIH Office, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Sekaran Gunungpati, Semarang 50029, Indonesia

Jurina Jaafar

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59429/ace.v8i3.5705

Keywords: azo dyes; batik wastewater; clean water, degradation; N-doped TiO2; photoelectrocatalyti

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Abstract

Batik is a significant textile industry in Indonesia, but it produces liquid waste containing azo dyes that are toxic and can pollute the environment. One approach to mitigate the impact of this waste is through TiO₂ photoelectrocatalysis. This study aims to improve the photoelectrocatalysis performance of TiO₂ by nitrogen doping, in order to achieve more efficient degradation of batik waste. This improvement is reflected in the increased intensity of the anatase phase, the reduction in band gap, and the formation of N-Ti-O bonds. N-doped TiO₂ was synthesized by anodizing titanium plates using urea at molar ratios of 50:50, 95:5, and 90:10, followed by annealing at 500°C for 3 hours. The results showed that the photoelectrocatalysis efficiency for the 90:10 TiO₂:urea ratio reached 90%, significantly higher than undoped TiO₂, which only degraded 50% of the batik waste. The band gap of N-doped TiO₂ was reduced to 2.7 eV, while undoped TiO₂ had a band gap of 3.2 eV. The formation of N-Ti-O bonds was also observed, confirming that nitrogen doping effectively enhances TiO₂'s ability to degrade batik waste through photoelectrocatalysis.

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