Applied Chemical Engineering

Integrating chemical engineering approaches in the biomedical utilization of coumarin derivatives

Yasser Fakri Mustafa

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59429/ace.v8i3.5739

Keywords: coumarins; sustainable synthesis; process optimization; chemical engineering; scale-up technique

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Abstract

Background: Coumarin derivatives, characterized by their benzopyrone core, represent a diverse class of natural and synthetic compounds with significant biomedical potential, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Integrating chemical engineering principles into their design, synthesis, and scale-up offers opportunities to optimize production, enhance functionality, and support sustainable biomedical applications. Methods: This review synthesizes literature on the biomedical utilization of coumarin derivatives from a chemical engineering perspective. Emphasis is placed on traditional and green synthetic methodologies, characterization techniques (UV–Vis, FT-IR, NMR, MS, GC), and process optimization strategies. Reaction kinetics, process design, and scale-up approaches are discussed alongside their influence on pharmacological performance. Results: Coumarin derivatives have been effectively synthesized through both classical methods (e.g., Pechmann, Knoevenagel, Perkin reactions) and eco-friendly routes utilizing microwave assistance, solid-supported catalysts, and ionic liquids. Structural characterization confirmed their identity, purity, and functional group modifications. Pharmacological evaluations demonstrated broad biological activity, including potent antimicrobial effects against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, strong antioxidant properties via free-radical scavenging, and notable anticancer activity through apoptosis induction. The application of chemical engineering principles improved yields, reduced hazardous waste, and facilitated pilot-to-industrial scale transitions while maintaining product quality. Conclusion: The synergy between chemical engineering and medicinal chemistry provides a framework for the sustainable production and biomedical advancement of coumarin derivatives. By aligning synthetic design with reaction kinetics, green chemistry principles, and regulatory safety standards, coumarin-based therapeutics can be developed more efficiently. This interdisciplinary approach holds promise for expanding their role in next-generation drug delivery systems and targeted therapies.

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[118]. Yang Y, Bustani GS, Alawsi T, Altalbawy FMA, Kareem AK, Gupta J, Zhu P, Hjazi A, Alawadi AH, Mustafa YF. The cardioprotective effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles against the poisoning generated by aluminum phosphide pesticide: Controlling oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 2023;197:105701.

[119]. Mustafa YF. Effects of heat variables on the starch content of cooked white rice: Searching for diabetes-friendly food. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre 2024;31:100395.

[120]. Mustafa YF. Role of Fruit-Derived Antioxidants in Fighting Cancer: A Narrative Review. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 2025;40: 522–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-025-01310-7

[121]. Kornicka A, Balewski Ł, Lahutta M, Kokoszka J. Umbelliferone and Its Synthetic Derivatives as Suitable Molecules for the Development of Agents with Biological Activities: A Review of Their Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential. Pharmaceuticals 2023;16(12):1732.

[122]. Mustafa YF. Synthesis of 7,8-dihydroxy-4-phenylbenzo[g]coumarins as potential multitarget anti-skin-aging candidates. Journal of Molecular Structure 2025;1321:139806.

[123]. Jebir MR, Mustafa YF. Kidney stones: natural remedies and lifestyle modifications to alleviate their burden. International Urology and Nephrology 2024;56(3):1025–33.

[124]. Kubrak TP, Makuch-kocka A, Aebisher D. Coumarins in anticancer therapy: mechanisms of action, potential applications and research perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2025;17(5):595.

[125]. Ismael RN, Mustafa YF, Al-Qazaz HK. Cancer-curative potential of novel coumarins from watermelon princess: A scenario of their isolation and activity. Eurasian Chem Commun 2022;4(7):657–72.

[126]. Kasim SM, Abdulaziz NT, Jasim MH, Mustafa YF. Resveratrol in cancer chemotherapy: Is it a preventer, protector, or fighter? Eurasian Chemical Communications 2023;5(7):576–87.

[127]. Reuter S, Eifes S, Dicato M, Aggarwal BB, Diederich M. Modulation of anti-apoptotic and survival pathways by curcumin as a strategy to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Biochemical Pharmacology 2008;76(11):1340–51.

[128]. Jasim SF, Mustafa YF. New fused-coumarin composites: Synthesis, anticancer and antioxidant potentials evaluation. Eurasian Chemical Communications 2022;4(7):607–19.

[129]. Al-Rashidi RR, Noraldeen SAM, Kareem AK, Mahmoud AK, Kadhum WR, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Iswanto AH, Obaid RF, Jalil AT, Mustafa YF, Nabavi N, Wang Y, Wang L. Malignant function of nuclear factor-kappaB axis in prostate cancer: Molecular interactions and regulation by non-coding RNAs. Pharmacological Research 2023;194:106775.

[130]. Tian Y, Lei Y, Wang Y, Lai J, Wang J, Xia F. Mechanism of multidrug resistance to chemotherapy mediated by Pglycoprotein (Review). International Journal of Oncology 2023;63(5):119.

[131]. Faisal AF, Mustafa YF. Isolation of unique fluorinated coumarins from new mexico green chile seeds : a novel green extraction approach and bioevaluation against oxidative stress disorders. Food Chemistry Advances 2025;8:101057.

[132]. Hong EJ, Choi DG, Shim MS. Targeted and effective photodynamic therapy for cancer using functionalized nanomaterials. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2016;6(4):297–307.

[133]. Al-Shakarchi W, Mustafa YF. Coumarins in the human–nature nexus: Exploring their environmental and psychological footprint. Environment and Social Psychology 2025;10(4):3641.

[134]. Hassan DA, Mustafa YF. Linear furanocoumarins: Bridging natural wisdom and synthetic ingenuity in drug discovery. Phytomedicine Plus 2025;5:100832.

[135]. Zeki NM, Mustafa YF. Coumarin hybrids for targeted therapies: A promising approach for potential drug candidates. Phytochemistry Letters 2024;60:117–33.

[136]. Bateni SB, Walsh AN, Xu AJ, Gingrich AA, Maverakis E, Kirane AR. Association between warfarin and survival in invasive melanoma: A population-based cohort study. Surgical Oncology Insight 2024;1(3):100083.

[137]. Valachis A, Garmo H, Fredriksson I, Sund M, Lagerqvist B, Holmberg L. Bleeding risk in breast cancer patients during concomitant administration of warfarin and tamoxifen: a population‐based nested case‐control study. The breast journal 2020;26(5):981–7.

[138]. Singh A, Srivastava N. An insight into the potential of flavonoids and furanocoumarins in the treatment of psoriasis. Current Bioactive Compounds 2023;19(10):99–121.

[139]. Yang S, Dai W, Wang J, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Bi S, Pang L, Ren T, Yang Y, Sun Y, Zheng Z, Wu S, Kong J, Martínez-luis SI, Zheng Y, Bi S, Pang L, Ren T, et al. Osthole: An up-to-date review of its anticancer potential and mechanisms of action. Frontiers in pharmacology 2022;13:945627.

[140]. Cai T, Cai B. Pharmacological activities of esculin and esculetin: A review. Medicine 2023;102(40):e35306.

[141]. Meilawati L, Dewi RM, Tasfiyati AN, Septama AW, Antika LD. Scopoletin: anticancer potential and mechanism of action. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2023;13(1):1–8.

[142]. Rohman N, Ardiansah B, Wukirsari T, Judeh Z. Recent Trends in the Synthesis and Bioactivity of Coumarin, Coumarin–Chalcone, and Coumarin–Triazole Molecular Hybrids. Molecules 2024;29(5):1026.

[143]. Vitale DL, Icardi A, Rosales P, Spinelli FM, Sevic I, Alaniz LD. Targeting the tumor extracellular matrix by the natural molecule 4-methylumbelliferone: A complementary and alternative cancer therapeutic strategy. Frontiers in oncology 2021;11:710061.

[144]. Budi HS, Younus LA, Lafta MH, Parveen S, Mohammad HJ, Al-qaim ZH, Jawad MA, Parra RMR, Mustafa YF, Alhachami FR, Karampoor S, Mirzaei R. The role of miR-128 in cancer development, prevention, drug resistance, and immunotherapy. Frontiers in Oncology 2023;12:1067974.

[145]. Saquib M, Baig H, Khan F, Azmi S, Khatoon S. Design and synthesis of bioinspired benzocoumarin‐chalcones chimeras as potential anti‐breast cancer agents. ChemistrySelect 2021;6(33):8754–65.

[146]. Maashi MS, Al-Mualm M, Al-Awsi GRL, Opulencia MJC, Al-Gazally ME, Abdullaev B, Abdelbasset WK, Ansari MJ, Jalil AT, Alsaikhan F, Shalaby MN, Mustafa YF. Apigenin alleviates resistance to doxorubicin in breast cancer cells by acting on the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Molecular Biology Reports 2022;49:8777–84.

[147]. Zamanian MY, Golmohammadi M, Alalak A, Kamiab Z, Obaid R, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Hjazi A, Abosaooda M, Mustafa Y, Heidari M, Verma A, Nazari Y, Bazmandegan G. STAT3 Signaling Axis and Tamoxifen in Breast Cancer: A Promising Target for Treatment Resistance. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 2023;23(16):1819–28.

[148]. Ahmed S, Khan H, Aschner M, Mirzae H, Küpeli Akkol E, Capasso R. Anticancer Potential of Furanocoumarins: Mechanistic and Therapeutic Aspects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020;21(16):5622.

[149]. Zeki NM, Mustafa YF. Natural linear coumarin-heterocyclic conjugates: A review of their roles in phytotherapy. Fitoterapia 2024;175:105929.

[150]. Jibroo RN, Mustafa YF, Al-Shakarchi W. Synthesis and evaluation of linearly fused thiadiazolocoumarins as prospects with broad-spectrum bioactivity. Results in Chemistry 2024;7:101494.

[151]. Valerievich Yumashev A, Rudiansyah M, Chupradit S, Kadhim MM, Turki Jalil A, Abdelbasset WK, Suksatan W, Mireya Romero Parra R, Fakri Mustafa Y, Abdullaev B, Bidares R. Optical-based biosensor for detection of oncomarker CA 125, recent progress and current status. Analytical Biochemistry 2022;655:114750.

[152]. Hashemi SM, Hosseini‐khah Z, Mahmoudi F, Emami S. Synthesis of 4‐Hydroxycoumarin‐Based Triazoles/Oxadiazoles as Novel Anticancer Agents. Chemistry & Biodiversity 2022;19(10):e202200043.

[153]. Assad M, Paracha RN, Siddique AB, Shaheen MA, Ahmad N, Mustaqeem M, Kanwal F, Mustafa MZU, Rehman MF ur, Fatima S, Lu C. In Silico and In Vitro Studies of 4-Hydroxycoumarin-Based Heterocyclic Enamines as Potential Anti-Tumor Agents. Molecules 2023;28(15):5828.

[154]. Ibraheem Shelash Al-Hawary S, Omar Bali A, Askar S, Lafta HA, Jawad Kadhim Z, Kholdorov B, Riadi Y, Solanki R, ismaeel kadhem Q, Fakri Mustafa Y. Recent advances in nanomaterials-based electrochemical and optical sensing approaches for detection of food dyes in food samples: A comprehensive overview. Microchemical Journal 2023;189:108540.

[155]. El-Sawy ER, Abdelwahab AB, Kirsch G. Insight on Mercapto-Coumarins: Synthesis and Reactivity. Molecules 2022;27(7):2150.

[156]. Mustafa YF, Jebir RM. Plant-derived extracts and conventional drugs : A new frontier in antimicrobial therapy. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 2025;14(2):163–87.

[157]. Abdulaziz NT, Mohammed ET, Khalil RR, Mustafa YF. Unrevealing the total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects of Garden Cress seed ethanolic extracts. Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics - International Edition 2024;38(2):187–96.

[158]. Waheed SA, Mustafa YF. The in vitro effects of new albocarbon-based coumarins on blood glucose-controlling enzymes. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences 2022;5(6):954–67.

[159]. Jibroo RN, Mustafa YF. Linearly ring-fused coumarins: A review of their cancer-fighting attributes. Results in Chemistry 2024;8:101611.

[160]. Mustafa YF, Bashir MK, Oglah MK. Influence of albocarbon-cyclic hybridization on biomedical activities: A review. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences 2022;5(4):518–35.

[161]. Alshaher MM, Mustafa YF. Linear pyranocoumarins are potential dazzling dancers between nature, chemistry, and clinical application. Vol. 5, Phytomedicine Plus. 2025. p. 100785.

[162]. Mohammed Alshaher M, Fakri Mustafa Y. From laboratory to computer models: Enhancing coumarin discovery through interdisciplinary research. Applied Chemical Engineering 2025;8(1):5613.

[163]. Akkol EK, Genç Y, Karpuz B, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Capasso R. Coumarins and coumarin-related compounds in pharmacotherapy of cancer. Cancers 2020;12(7):1–25.

[164]. Al Abdeen SHZ, Mustafa YF, Mutlag SH. Synthesis and biomedical activities of novel multifunctional benzodipyrone-based derivatives. Eurasian Chem Commun 2022;4(10):938–49.

[165]. Ahmad M, Tahir M, Hong Z, Zia MA, Rafeeq H, Ahmad MS, Rehman S ur, Sun J. Plant and marine-derived natural products: sustainable pathways for future drug discovery and therapeutic development. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2025;15:1497668.

[166]. Lončarić M, Sokač DG, Jokić S, Molnar M. Recent advances in the synthesis of coumarin derivatives from different starting materials. Biomolecules 2020;10(1):151.

[167]. Vaou N, Stavropoulou E, Voidarou C, Tsigalou C, Bezirtzoglou E. Towards Advances in Medicinal Plant Antimicrobial Activity: A Review Study on Challenges and Future Perspectives. Microorganisms 2021;9(10):2041.

[168]. Mustafa YF, Alshaher, Marwa Mohammed Hassan DA, Faisal AF. Synthesis and Medicinal Impacts of Novel 3 , 3 ′ -Bihalocoumarins and Their Precursors , 7-Halocoumarin-3-acetic Acids. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry 2025;51(2):802–15.

[169]. Hassan DA, Mustafa YF. The Activity-Enhancing Effect of the 1,3-Dioxolane Ring in Biomedicine. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry 2025;51(3):991–1010.

[170]. Zeki NM, Mustafa YF. Coumarin hybrids: a sighting of their roles in drug targeting. Chemical Papers 2024;78:5753–5772.

[171]. Tadayon Mousavi S, Gulpen JGM, Graef WAAD, Koelman PMJ, Carbone EAD, van Dijk J. Assessment of the suitability of the chemical reaction pathway algorithm as a reduction method for plasma chemistry. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 2022;55(50):505201.

[172]. Al-Shakarchi W, Saber Y, Merkhan MM, Mustafa YF. Sub Chronic Toxicity Study of Coumacines. Pharmacognosy Journal 2023;15(1):160–4.

[173]. Sibarani D, Sippola H, Lindberg D. Experimental investigation on freezing point depressions and thermodynamic modelling of NiSO4-H2O and NiSO4-H2SO4-H2O systems using Pitzer equations from eutectic point up to 523.15 K. Chemical Engineering Science 2026;320:122282.

[174]. Al Abdeen SHZ, Mustafa YF, Mutlag SH. Synthesis of disubstituted anisolodipyronederived ester compounds: The search for new bioactive candidates. Eurasian Chemical Communications 2022;4(11):1171–83.

[175]. Al-Shakarchi W, Abdulaziz NT, Mustafa YF. A review of the chemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacological aspects of quercetin. Eurasian Chemical Communications 2022;4(7):645–56.

[176]. Kong ZY, Sánchez-Ramírez E, Sim JY, Sunarso J, Segovia-Hernández JG. The importance of process intensification in undergraduate chemical engineering education. Digital Chemical Engineering 2024;11:100152.

[177]. Ismael SS, Waheed NAM, Kasim SM, Mustafa YF. Novel Coumarin-Indole Hybrids as Cytotoxic Candidates: Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity. Pharmacognosy Journal 2023;15(6):1105–11.

[178]. Kim E, Yang J, Park S, Shin K. Factors Affecting Success of New Drug Clinical Trials. Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science 2023;57(4):737–50.

[179]. Elazzazy AM, Baeshen MN, Alasmi KM, Alqurashi SI, Desouky SE, Khattab SMR. Where Biology Meets Engineering: Scaling Up Microbial Nutraceuticals to Bridge Nutrition, Therapeutics, and Global Impact. Microorganisms 2025;13(3):566.

[180]. Hassan DA, Mustafa YF. Novel 1,3-dioxolane–coumarin hybrids: From synthesis to pharmacological In Vitro-In Silico profiling. Applied Chemical Engineering 2025;8(1):5651.

[181]. Alshaher MM, Mustafa YF. Synthesis of Dioxane-fused Coumarins as a new class of biosafe multifunctional therapeutic candidates : A journey from In Vitro to In Silico prediction. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 2025;8(1):5652.

[182]. Erakca M, Baumann M, Helbig C, Weil M. Systematic review of scale-up methods for prospective life cycle assessment of emerging technologies. Journal of Cleaner Production 2024;451:142161.

[183]. Al-abdeen SHZ, Mustafa YF. Synthesis and Biological Potentials of Novel Benzodipyrone- Based Derivatives. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences 2022;5(6):1026–39.

[184]. Singh A. Artificial intelligence for drug repurposing against infectious diseases. Artificial Intelligence Chemistry 2024;2(2):100071.

[185]. Mustafa YF. Nutraceutical-based telomerase inhibitors: Renewed hope for cancer therapy. Phytomedicine Plus 2024;4(2):100537.

[186]. Kasim SM, Al-Dabbagh BM, Mustafa YF. A review on the biological potentials of carbazole and its derived products. Eurasian Chemical Communications 2022;4(6):495–512.

[187]. Faisal AF, Mustafa YF. Chili pepper: A delve into its nutritional values and roles in food-based therapy. Food Chemistry Advances 2025;6:100928.

[188]. Mustafa YF, Hassan DA. Dioxolocoumarins: Bridging chemistry and pharmacology with multifunctional therapeutics. Applied Chemical Engineering 2024;7(4):ACE-5592.

[189]. Zain Al Abdeen SH, Mustafa YF. Chemical synthesis of various composites of chromen-2-one : A review. Eurasian Chemical Communications 2022;4(9):877–93.

[190]. Cohen B, Lehnherr D, Sezen-Edmonds M, Forstater JH, Frederick MO, Deng L, Ferretti AC, Harper K, Diwan M. Emerging reaction technologies in pharmaceutical development: Challenges and opportunities in electrochemistry, photochemistry, and biocatalysis. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2023;192:622–37.

[191]. Jasim SA, Rachchh N, Pallathadka H, Sanjeevi R, Bokov DO, Bobonazarovna SF, Jabbar HS, Mahajan S, Mustafa YF, Alhadrawi M. Recent advances in carbon-based materials derived from diverse green biowaste for sensing applications: a comprehensive overview from the perspective of synthesis method and application. RSC Advances 2024;14(53):39787–803.

[192]. Al-Shakarchi W, Saber Y, Merkhan MM, Mustafa YF. Acute toxicity of coumacines: An in vivo study. Georgian medical news 2023;(338):126–31.

[193]. David F, Davis AM, Gossing M, Hayes MA, Romero E, Scott LH, Wigglesworth MJ. A Perspective on Synthetic Biology in Drug Discovery and Development—Current Impact and Future Opportunities. SLAS Discovery 2021;26(5):581–603.

[194]. Younis MA, Hamid OA, Dhaher R, Saber Y, Al-shakarchi W, Merkhan MM, Mustafa YF. Characterization of the renal safety profiles of coumacines. Pharmakeftiki 2023;35(4):57–63.

[195]. Budi HS, Jameel MF, Widjaja G, Alasady MS, Mahmudiono T, Mustafa YF, Fardeeva I, Kuznetsova M. Study on the role of nano antibacterial materials in orthodontics (a review). Brazilian Journal of Biology 2024;84(e257070):1–7.

[196]. Mustafa YF, Bashir MK, Oglah MK. Synthesis, antioxidant and antitumor activities of new coumarins grafted to 5-fluorouracil. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 2022;20(2):359–65.

[197]. Al-hatim RR, Al-alnabi DIB, Al-younis ZK, Al-shawi SG, Singh K, Abdelbasset WK, Mustafa YF. Extraction of tea polyphenols based on orthogonal test method and its application in food preservation. Food Science and Technology 2022;42:e70321.

[198]. Hammoodi SH, Ismael SS, Mustafa YF. Mutual prodrugs for colon targeting: A review. Eurasian Chemical Communications 2022;4(12):1251–65.

[199]. Faisal AF, Mustafa YF. Capsicum in Clinical Biochemistry: Insights into its Role in Health and Disease. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 2025; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-025-01317-0

[200]. Sun X, Xiang T, Xie L, Ren Q, Chang J, Jiang W, Jin Z, Yang X, Ren W, Yu Y. Recent advances in fluorescent nanomaterials designed for biomarker detection and imaging. Materials Today Bio 2025;32:101763.

[201]. Abdelbasset WK, Jasim SA, Abed AM, Altimari US, Eid MM, Karim YS, Elkholi SM, Mustafa YF, Jalil AT. The antibacterial and cytocompatibility of the polyurethane nanofibrous scaffold containing curcumin for wound healing applications. International Journal of Materials Research 2023;114(6):505–13.

[202]. Zhang W, Taheri-Ledari R, Ganjali F, Afruzi FH, Hajizadeh Z, Saeidirad M, Qazi FS, Kashtiaray A, Sehat SS, Hamblin MR, Maleki A. Nanoscale bioconjugates: A review of the structural attributes of drug-loaded nanocarrier conjugates for selective cancer therapy. Heliyon 2022;8(6):e09577.

[203]. Aware CB, Patil DN, Suryawanshi SS, Mali PR, Rane MR, Gurav RG, Jadhav JP. Natural bioactive products as promising therapeutics: A review of natural product-based drug development. South African Journal of Botany 2022;151:512–28.

[204]. Gangopadhyay A. Plant-derived natural coumarins with anticancer potentials: future and challenges. Journal of Herbal Medicine 2023;42:100797.

[205]. Anywar G, Muhumuza E. Bioactivity and toxicity of coumarins from African medicinal plants. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2024;14.