Applied Chemical Engineering

A comprehensive review of agricultural waste-derived activated carbon for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture using PRISMA methodology

Widi Astuti

Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia

Dwi Putri S Aritonang

Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia

Maya Anggraeni

Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia

Nagistra Tiwa Lira

Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia

Dian Ratri Pramudhita

Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia

Irene Nindita Pradnya

Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia

Triastuti Sulistyaningsih

Department of Chemistry, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia

Megawati

Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia

Zulfa Ajrina Fitri

School of Agriculture, Food, and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia; Management of Food Service and Nutrition Study Program, College of Vocational Studies, IPB University, Bogor, 16128, Indonesia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59429/ace.v9i2.5920

Keywords: activated carbon; adsorption; biomass; CO2 capture; PRISMA, pyrolysis

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Abstract

The rising concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere underscores the critical need to develop efficient, scalable, and sustainable carbon capture technologies. Activated carbon (AC) is one of the materials currently being widely developed for carbon capture. The effectiveness of AC for carbon capture depends on its characteristics, such as surface area and functional group content, which vary with the synthesis process. This comprehensive review presents an in-depth evaluation of the synthesis pathways for AC derived from agricultural waste, with particular attention to activation and modification techniques to enhance CO₂ adsorption. It also further examines key parameters influencing the physicochemical properties of these materials, including pore structure, surface area, and surface chemistry.  The review process follows the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines to ensure transparency and reproducibility. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined to identify the most relevant studies and to systematically collect and synthesize pertinent data. The review identified that chemical activation, particularly with KOH, H₃PO₄, and ZnCl₂, substantially enhances the surface area, pore development, and surface functionality of AC, thereby improving CO₂ adsorption capacity. Among various activation techniques, KOH activation consistently yields the highest specific surface areas and well-developed microporous structures suitable for CO₂ adsorption. Modification strategies, such as heteroatom doping and metal impregnation, further enhance the basicity and selectivity of AC toward CO₂ molecules by increasing the number of active sites and tuning surface chemistry.

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