Applied Chemical Engineering

Marine-derived coumarins: Chemical diversity, biomedical activities, and emerging applications in green and applied chemical engineering

Yasser Fakri Mustafa

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59429/ace.v9i2.6036

Keywords: marine natural coumarins; biosynthesis; anticancer activity; antioxidant properties; green chemistry; nanotechnology applications; biosensors

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Abstract

Marine-derived coumarins are structurally diverse benzopyrone compounds biosynthesized under the unique environmental conditions of marine ecosystems. This review summarizes studies published between 2000 and 2025 concerning their biosynthesis, structural diversity, biological activities, and emerging technological applications. Literature was collected from major scientific databases with emphasis on experimentally validated marine-derived compounds. Current evidence demonstrates that marine coumarins exhibit antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities, although most findings remain limited to preclinical investigations. Structural modifications such as halogenation and prenylation contribute to their distinctive physicochemical and biological properties. Beyond pharmacology, marine-derived coumarins have attracted increasing interest in green chemistry, nanotechnology, biosensing, and sustainable material design because of their fluorescence behavior, metal-coordination ability, and biodegradability. Several compounds and related analogues have also entered early clinical evaluation. Despite these advances, important challenges remain regarding sustainable sourcing, large-scale production, pharmacokinetic optimization, and clinical translation. Overall, marine-derived coumarins represent promising multifunctional natural products with potential applications spanning biomedicine, biotechnology, and environmentally sustainable technologies.

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[125]. Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad J, Seca AML, Pinto DCGA, Michalak I, Trincone A, Mishra AP, Nigam M, Zam W, Martins N. Current Trends on Seaweeds: Looking at Chemical Composition, Phytopharmacology, and Cosmetic Applications. Molecules. 2019;24(22):4182.

[126]. Ermolenko E V., Imbs AB, Gloriozova TA, Poroikov V V., Sikorskaya T V., Dembitsky VM. Chemical Diversity of Soft Coral Steroids and Their Pharmacological Activities. Marine Drugs. 2020;18(12):613.

[127]. Abdulaziz NT, Mustafa YF. The Effect of Heat Variable on the Chemical Composition and Bioactivities of a Citrullus lanatus Seed Aqueous Extracts. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences. 2022;5(7):1166–76.

[128]. Nan ZD, Liu T, Liu J, Zhang H, Zhao XY, Ge Y, Li CL. An overview of natural coumarins (2016–2018): chemical structures and pharmacological activities. Results in Chemistry. 2025;17:102608.

[129]. Asatiani N, Sapojnikova N, Kartvelishvili T, Asanishvili L, Sichinava N, Chikovani Z. Blood Catalase, Superoxide Dismutase, and Glutathione Peroxidase Activities in Alcohol- and Opioid-Addicted Patients. Medicina. 2025;61(2):204.

[130]. Mohammed Alshaher M, Fakri Mustafa Y. From laboratory to computer models: Enhancing coumarin discovery through interdisciplinary research. Applied Chemical Engineering. 2025;8(1):1–19.

[131]. Mustafa YF, Hassan DA. Dioxolocoumarins: Bridging chemistry and pharmacology with multifunctional therapeutics. Applied Chemical Engineering. 2024;7(4):ACE-5592.

[132]. Abdulaziz NT, Al-bazzaz FY, Mustafa YF. Natural products for attenuating Alzheimer’s disease: A narrative review. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2023;5(4):358–70.

[133]. Kasim SM, Al-Dabbagh BM, Mustafa YF. A review on the biological potentials of carbazole and its derived products. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2022;4(6):495–512.

[134]. Raya I, Chupradit S, Kadhim MM, Mahmoud MZ, Jalil AT, Surendar A, Ghafel ST, Mustafa YF, Bochvar AN. Role of Compositional Changes on Thermal, Magnetic and Mechanical Properties of Fe-P-C-Based Amorphous Alloys. Chinese Physics B. 2022;31(1):016401.

[135]. Al-Rashidi RR, Noraldeen SAM, Kareem AK, Mahmoud AK, Kadhum WR, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Iswanto AH, Obaid RF, Jalil AT, Mustafa YF, Nabavi N, Wang Y, Wang L. Malignant function of nuclear factor-kappaB axis in prostate cancer: Molecular interactions and regulation by non-coding RNAs. Pharmacological Research. 2023;194:106775.

[136]. Jasim MHM, Mustafa YF. Synthesis of Acetaminophen‐Based Coumarins as Selective COX‐2 Inhibitors: An in vitro‐in silico Study. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 2024;21(10):e202401309.

[137]. Ismael SS, Waheed NAM, Kasim SM, Mustafa YF. Novel Coumarin-Indole Hybrids as Cytotoxic Candidates: Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity. Pharmacognosy Journal. 2023;15(6):1105–11.

[138]. Al Abdeen SHZ, Mustafa YF, Mutlag SH. Synthesis of disubstituted anisolodipyronederived ester compounds: The search for new bioactive candidates. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2022;4(11):1171–83.

[139]. Rostom B, Karaky R, Kassab I, Veit’ia MSI. Coumarins derivatives and inflammation: Review of their effects on the inflammatory signaling pathways. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2022;922:174867.

[140]. Kasim SM, Al-Bazzaz FY, Hammoodi SH, Mustafa YF. A review of Schiff base-inorganic complexes and recent advances in their biomedicinal and catalytic attributes. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2023;5(6):522–35.

[141]. Mustafa YF, Alshaher, Marwa Mohammed Hassan DA, Faisal AF. Synthesis and Medicinal Impacts of Novel 3, 3 ′ -Bihalocoumarins and Their Precursors, 7-Halocoumarin-3-acetic Acids. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 2025;51(2):802–15.

[142]. Hassan MZ, Osman H, Ali MA, Ahsan MJ. Therapeutic potential of coumarins as antiviral agents. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2016;123:236–55.

[143]. Mustafa YF. Mechanistic insights into the anti-obesity actions of coumarins: Therapeutic potential and future directions. Obesity Medicine. 2025;55:100620.

[144]. Mustafa YF. Coumarins and Lipid Metabolism: A Comprehensive Review on Anti-Hyperlipidemic Activities and Molecular Mechanisms. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-025-01359-4

[145]. Dimitrova D, Kehayova G, Dimitrova S, Dragomanova S. Marine-Derived Natural Substances with Anticholinesterase Activity. Marine Drugs. 2025;23(11):439.

[146]. Mustafa YF. Coumarins as natural aphrodisiacs: Mechanistic insights and future perspectives in male sexual health. Fitoterapia. 2025;187:106928.

[147]. Abdulaziz NT, Mustafa YF. Anticancer properties of hymecromone-derived compounds: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2021;13(1):2163–74.

[148]. Zolghadri S, Bahrami A, Hassan Khan MT, Munoz-Munoz J, Garcia-Molina F, Saboury AA. A comprehensive review on tyrosinase inhibitors. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. 2019;34(1):279–309.

[149]. Jebir MR, Mustafa YF. Kidney stones: natural remedies and lifestyle modifications to alleviate their burden. International Urology and Nephrology. 2024;56(3):1025–33.

[150]. Zeki NM, Mustafa YF. Coumarin hybrids: a sighting of their roles in drug targeting. Chemical Papers. 2024;78:5753–5772.

[151]. Zeki NM, Mustafa YF. Novel heterocyclic coumarin annulates: synthesis and figuring their roles in biomedicine, bench-to-bedside investigation. Chemical Papers. 2024;78:4935–51.

[152]. Mustafa YF. Nutraceutical-based telomerase inhibitors: Renewed hope for cancer therapy. Phytomedicine Plus. 2024;4(2):100537.

[153]. Mustafa YF, Al-Shakarchi W. The psychotropic potential of coumarins: Mechanisms, efficacy, and future prospects. Environment and Social Psychology. 2025;10(3):3534.

[154]. Zain Al Abdeen SH, Mustafa YF. Chemical synthesis of various composites of chromen-2-one: A review. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2022;4(9):877–93.

[155]. Al-Shakarchi W, Mustafa YF. Coumarins in the human–nature nexus: Exploring their environmental and psychological footprint. Environment and Social Psychology. 2025;10(4):3641.

[156]. Mustafa YF. When the gut Speaks: The hidden toll of irritable bowel syndrome on body and mind. Gastroenterology & Endoscopy. 2025;3(3):135–51.

[157]. Waheed SA, Mustafa YF. Novel naphthalene-derived coumarin composites: synthesis, antibacterial, and antifungal activity assessments. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2022;4(8):709–24.

[158]. Mustafa YF, Bashir MK, Oglah MK. Influence of albocarbon-cyclic hybridization on biomedical activities: A review. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences. 2022;5(4):518–35.

[159]. Al Abdeen SHZ, Mustafa YF, Mutlag SH. Synthesis and biomedical activities of novel multifunctional benzodipyrone-based derivatives. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2022;4(10):938–49.

[160]. Waheed SA, Mustafa YF. Synthesis and evaluation of new coumarins as antitumor and antioxidant applicants. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences. 2022;5(5):808–19.

[161]. Hammoodi SH, Ismael SS, Mustafa YF. Mutual prodrugs for colon targeting: A review. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2022;4(12):1251–65.

[162]. Waheed SA, Mustafa YF. The in vitro effects of new albocarbon-based coumarins on blood glucose-controlling enzymes. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences. 2022;5(6):954–67.

[163]. Hassan DA, Mustafa YF. The Activity-Enhancing Effect of the 1,3-Dioxolane Ring in Biomedicine. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 2025;51(3):991–1010.

[164]. Budi HS, Younus LA, Lafta MH, Parveen S, Mohammad HJ, Al-qaim ZH, Jawad MA, Parra RMR, Mustafa YF, Alhachami FR, Karampoor S, Mirzaei R. The role of miR-128 in cancer development, prevention, drug resistance, and immunotherapy. Frontiers in Oncology. 2023;12:1067974.

[165]. Vigueras G, Izquierdo-García E, de la Torre-Rubio E, Abad-Montero D, Santana MD, Marchán V, Ruiz J. Metal–coumarin derivatives as promising photosensitizers: unlocking their cancer phototherapy potential. Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers. 2025.

[166]. Aqib M, Khatoon S, Ali M, Sajid S, Assiri MA, Ahamad S, Saquib M, Hussain MK. Exploring the anticancer potential and mechanisms of action of natural coumarins and isocoumarins. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2025;282:117088.

[167]. Al-Shakarchi W, Abdulaziz NT, Mustafa YF. A review of the chemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacological aspects of quercetin. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2022;4(7):645–56.

[168]. Hsu C, Pallathadka H, Gupta J, Ma H, Al‐Shukri HHK, Kareem AK, Zwamel AH, Mustafa YF. Berberine and berberine nanoformulations in cancer therapy: Focusing on lung cancer. Phytotherapy Research. 2024;38(8):4336–50.

[169]. Mustafa YF. Biocompatible chlorocoumarins from harmful chlorophenols, their synthesis and biomedicinal evaluation. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2024;1309:138193.

[170]. Mustafa YF. 4-Chloroskimmetine-based derivatives as potential anticancer and antibacterial prospects: Their synthesis and in vitro inspections. Results in Chemistry. 2024;7:101511.

[171]. Alum EU, Gulumbe BH, Izah SC, Uti DE, Aja PM, Igwenyi IO, Offor CE. Natural product-based inhibitors of quorum sensing: A novel approach to combat antibiotic resistance. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports. 2025;43:102111.

[172]. Mahmood AT, Kamal IK, Mustafa YF. Coumarins as Emerging Agents in Neurodegenerative Disease Management. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 2025;51(5):2228–46.

[173]. Mustafa YF. Bioactive Coumarins: Bioorganic Strategies for Targeting Enzymes, Receptors, and DNA. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 2025;51(5):2304–35.

[174]. ALLY KN, ÖZTÜRK L, KÖSE M. Photochromic and fluorescence properties of coumarin fulgimides. TURKISH JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY. 2020;44(4):1031–42.

[175]. Alqarni MH, Foudah AI, Alam A, Salkini MA, Muharram MM, Labrou NE, Rawat P. Coumarin-Encapsulated Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as an Effective Therapy against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Bioengineering. 2022;9(10):484.

[176]. Safavi-Mirmahalleh SA, Golshan M, Gheitarani B, Salami Hosseini M, Salami-Kalajahi M. A review on applications of coumarin and its derivatives in preparation of photo-responsive polymers. European Polymer Journal. 2023;198:112430.

[177]. Shang J, Liu L, Zhang J, Li B, Zhang P, Wang H, Lu J, Fan J, Li X, Yan Z, Zou H, Jiang R, Ghorbani F, Liu C, Wang D, Wang X. Engineering a targeted daphnetin delivery system to enhance spinal cord injury treatment effectiveness. Materials Today Bio. 2025;35:102576.

[178]. Mazin Zeki N, M.Z. Othman K, Fakri Mustafa Y. Computational Chemistry: A game-changer in the drug discovery field. Applied Chemical Engineering. 2025;8(1):ACE-5601.

[179]. Waheed SA, Mustafa YF. Benzocoumarin Backbone Is a Multifunctional and Affordable Scaffold with a Vast Scope of Biological Activities. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences. 2022;5(5):703–21.

[180]. Wang QH, Qin SW, Jiang JG. Improvement effects of esculetin on the formation and development of atherosclerosis. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2022;150:113001.

[181]. Inchingolo AM, Marinelli G, Colonna V, Pennacchio BFP, Giorgio RV, Inchingolo F, Di Venere D, Palermo A, Minervini G, Inchingolo AD, Dipalma G. Efficacy and Safety of Natural Versus Conventional Toothpastes and Mouthwashes in Gingivitis Management: A Systematic Review. Hygiene. 2025;5(3):38.

[182]. Brieva L, Calles C, Landete L, Oreja-Guevara C. Current challenges in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, activity detection and treatment. Frontiers in Immunology. 2025;16:1543649.

[183]. Ahmed Z. Current Clinical Trials in Traumatic Brain Injury. Brain Sciences. 2022;12(5):527.

[184]. Wróblewska-Łuczka P, Góralczyk A, Łuszczki JJ. Daphnetin, a Coumarin with Anticancer Potential against Human Melanoma: In Vitro Study of Its Effective Combination with Selected Cytostatic Drugs. Cells. 2023;12(12):1593.

[185]. Firas S, Mustafa YF. A review of classical and advanced methodologies for benzocoumarin synthesis. 2022.

[186]. Ibraheem Shelash Al-Hawary S, Omar Bali A, Askar S, Lafta HA, Jawad Kadhim Z, Kholdorov B, Riadi Y, Solanki R, ismaeel kadhem Q, Fakri Mustafa Y. Recent advances in nanomaterials-based electrochemical and optical sensing approaches for detection of food dyes in food samples: A comprehensive overview. Microchemical Journal. 2023;189:108540.

[187]. Mustafa YF, Hassan DA, Faisal AF, Alshaher MM. Synthesis of novel skipped diene-3-halocoumarin conjugates as potent anticancer and antibacterial biocompatible agents. Results in Chemistry. 2024;11:101846.

[188]. Mustafa YF. Triple coumarin-based 5-fluorouracil prodrugs, their synthesis, characterization, and release kinetics. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2024;1301:137415.

[189]. Ahmad M, Tahir M, Hong Z, Zia MA, Rafeeq H, Ahmad MS, Rehman S ur, Sun J. Plant and marine-derived natural products: sustainable pathways for future drug discovery and therapeutic development. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2025;15:1497668.

[190]. Abdulaziz NT, Mustafa YF. Antibacterial and Antitumor Potentials of Some Novel Coumarins. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology. 2022;12(1):239–47.

[191]. Cerdan K, Thys M, Costa Cornellà A, Demir F, Norvez S, Vendamme R, Van den Brande N, Van Puyvelde P, Brancart J. Sustainability of self-healing polymers: A holistic perspective towards circularity in polymer networks. Progress in Polymer Science. 2024;152:101816.

[192]. Shamsipur M, Ghavidast A, Pashabadi A. Phototriggered structures: Latest advances in biomedical applications. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 2023;13(7):2844–76.

[193]. Mustafa YF. Synthesis of 7,8-dihydroxy-4-phenylbenzo[g]coumarins as potential multitarget anti-skin-aging candidates. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2025;1321:139806.

[194]. Jibroo RN, Mustafa YF, Al-Shakarchi W. Synthesis and evaluation of linearly fused thiadiazolocoumarins as prospects with broad-spectrum bioactivity. Results in Chemistry. 2024;7:101494.

[195]. Stefanachi A, Leonetti F, Pisani L, Catto M, Carotti A. Coumarin: A Natural, Privileged and Versatile Scaffold for Bioactive Compounds. Molecules. 2018;23(2):250.

[196]. Faisal AF, Mustafa YF. The role of coumarin scaffold in the chemical engineering of bioactive molecules: A narrative review. Applied Chemical Engineering. 2025;8(1):ACE-5595.

[197]. Arjmand F, Salami-Kalajahi M, Roghani-Mamaqani H. Preparation of photolabile nanoparticles by coumarin-based crosslinker for drug delivery under light irradiation. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 2021;154:110102.

[198]. Zeki NM, Mustafa YF. Synthesis of Novel Dioxathiole-6,7-coumarin Hybrids As Cytosafe-Multifunctional Applicants: An In Vitro—In Silico Study. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 2024;50(5):2076–91.

[199]. Al-Hazmy SM, Zouaghi MO, Al-Johani JN, Arfaoui Y, Al-Ashwal R, Hammami B, Alhagri IA, Alhemiary NA, Hamdi N. Chemosensing Properties of Coumarin Derivatives: Promising Agents with Diverse Pharmacological Properties, Docking and DFT Investigation. Molecules. 2022;27(18):5921.

[200]. Górski K, Deperasińska I, Baryshnikov G V., Ozaki S, Kamada K, Ågren H, Gryko DT. Quadrupolar Dyes Based on Highly Polarized Coumarins. Organic Letters. 2021;23(17):6770–4.

[201]. Görmez Ö, Akay S, Gözmen B, Kayan B, Kalderis D. Degradation of emerging contaminant coumarin based on anodic oxidation, electro-Fenton and subcritical water oxidation processes. Environmental Research. 2022;208:112736.

[202]. Blanckart L, Munasinghe EA, Bendt E, Rahaman A, Abomohra A, Mahltig B. Algae-Based Coatings for Fully Bio-Based and Colored Textile Products. Textiles. 2025;5(1):3.

[203]. Fatykhov RF, Sharapov AD, Starnovskaya ES, Shtaitz YK, Savchuk MI, Kopchuk DS, Nikonov IL, Zyryanov G V., Khalymbadzha IA, Chupakhin ON. Coumarin-pyridine push-pull fluorophores: Synthesis and photophysical studies. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2022;267:120499.

[204]. Janus Ł, Radwan-Pragłowska J, Piątkowski M, Bogdał D. Coumarin-Modified CQDs for Biomedical Applications—Two-Step Synthesis and Characterization. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020;21(21):8073.

[205]. Al-Shakarchi W, Saber Y, Merkhan MM, Mustafa YF. Acute toxicity of coumacines: An in vivo study. Georgian medical news. 2023;(338):126–31.

[206]. Facenda G, Real M, Galán-Pérez JA, Gámiz B, Celis R. Soil Effects on the Bioactivity of Hydroxycoumarins as Plant Allelochemicals. Plants. 2023;12(6):1278.

[207]. Mustafa YF. New Coumarin-Metronidazole Composites: Synthesis, Biocompatibility, and Anti-anaerobic Bacterial Activity. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 2024;50(1):201–10.

[208]. Rohmah MK, Salahdin OD, Gupta R, Muzammil K, Qasim MT, Al-qaim ZH, Abbas NF, Jawad MA, Yasin G, Mustafa YF, Heidary A, Abarghouei S. Modulatory role of dietary curcumin and resveratrol on growth performance, serum immunity responses, mucus enzymes activity, antioxidant capacity and serum and mucus biochemicals in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio exposed to abamectin. Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 2022;129:221–30.

[209]. Zeki NM, Mustafa YF. Natural linear coumarin-heterocyclic conjugates: A review of their roles in phytotherapy. Fitoterapia. 2024;175:105929.

[210]. Åkesson A, Curtsdotter A, Eklöf A, Ebenman B, Norberg J, Barabás G. The importance of species interactions in eco-evolutionary community dynamics under climate change. Nature Communications. 2021;12(1):4759.

[211]. Lee JS, Lee JS, Kim HS. Toxic effects of triclosan in aquatic organisms: A review focusing on single and combined exposure of environmental conditions and pollutants. Science of The Total Environment. 2024;920:170902.

[212]. Alshaher MM, Mustafa YF. Synthesis of triclosan-derived coumarins as potent, biocompatible, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. Applied Chemical Engineering. 2024;7(4):5579.

[213]. Jolaosho TL, Rasaq MF, Omotoye EV, Araomo OV, Adekoya OS, Abolaji OY, Hungbo JJ. Microplastics in freshwater and marine ecosystems: Occurrence, characterization, sources, distribution dynamics, fate, transport processes, potential mitigation strategies, and policy interventions. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2025;294:118036.

[214]. Jibroo RN, Mustafa YF, Al-Shakarchi W. Heterocycles fused on a 6,7-coumarin framework: an in-depth review of their structural and pharmacological diversity. Chemical Papers. 2024;78:7239–7311.

[215]. Alshaher MM, Mustafa YF. Linear pyranocoumarins are potential dazzling dancers between nature, chemistry, and clinical application. Vol. 5, Phytomedicine Plus. 2025. p. 100785.

[216]. Khalil RR, Mohammed ET, Mustafa YF. Various promising biological effects of Cranberry extract: A review. Clinical Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses. 2021;15(S6):1–9.

[217]. Turlybek N, Nurbekova Z, Mukhamejanova A, Baimurzina B, Kulatayeva M, Aubakirova KM, Alikulov Z. Sustainable Aquaculture Systems and Their Impact on Fish Nutritional Quality. Fishes. 2025;10(5):206.

[218]. Prajapati C, Rai SN, Singh AK, Chopade BA, Singh Y, Singh SK, Haque S, Prieto MA, Ashraf GM. An Update of Fungal Endophyte Diversity and Strategies for Augmenting Therapeutic Potential of their Potent Metabolites: Recent Advancement. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2025;197(5):2799–866.

[219]. Mustafa YF. Coumarins in Traditional Medicine: Bridging Ancient Wisdom and Scientific Progress. Phytomedicine Plus. 2025;5(3):100857.

[220]. Li L, Maclntyre LW, Brady SF. Refactoring biosynthetic gene clusters for heterologous production of microbial natural products. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 2021;69:145–52.

[221]. Mustafa YF. Applications of artificial intelligence in the synthesis, docking, and pharmacological profiling of coumarins. Applied Chemical Engineering. 2025;8(2):5678.

[222]. Abdulaziz NT, Mohammed ET, Khalil RR, Mustafa YF. Unrevealing the total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects of Garden Cress seed ethanolic extracts. Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics - International Edition. 2024;38(2):187–96.

[223]. Mustafa YF. Coumarins as Bioorganic Building Blocks in Drug Design, Biocatalysis, and Sensing. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 2025;51(6):2390–416.

[224]. Mustafa YF. Coumarin derivatives in pharmaceutical and biomedical engineering: Advances in design, synthesis, and therapeutic applications. Applied Chemical Engineering. 2025;8(3):5728.

[225]. Ward D, Melbourne-Thomas J, Pecl GT, Evans K, Green M, McCormack PC, Novaglio C, Trebilco R, Bax N, Brasier MJ, Cavan EL, Edgar G, Hunt HL, Jansen J, Jones R, Lea MA, Makomere R, Mull C, et al. Safeguarding marine life: conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 2022;32(1):65–100.

[226]. Mustafa YF. Integrating chemical engineering approaches in the biomedical utilization of coumarin derivatives. Applied Chemical Engineering. 2025;8(3):5739.

[227]. Mustafa YF. Coumarin Derivatives in Cancer Therapy: Genetic Insights and Molecular Mechanisms. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-025-01372-7

[228]. Mustafa YF. Hybrid Coumarins in Oncology: Design Strategies and Multi-target Mechanisms Against Tumor Resistance. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-025-01382-5

[229]. Jasim SF, Mustafa YF. Beyond coumarin: the rise of benzocoumarins in chemical and biomedical sciences. Chemical Papers. 2026;80(1):133–163.

[230]. Mustafa YF. New Coumarin Hybrids from Chloramphenicol: A Step Towards Next-Generation Biocompatible Antimicrobials. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 2025;51(5):2274–87.

[231]. Jasim SF, Mustafa YF. New fused-coumarin composites: Synthesis, anticancer and antioxidant potentials evaluation. Eurasian Chemical Communications. 2022;4(7):607–19.

[232]. Younis MA, Hamid OA, Dhaher R, Saber Y, Al-shakarchi W, Merkhan MM, Mustafa YF. Characterization of the renal safety profiles of coumacines. Pharmakeftiki. 2023;35(4):57–63.