Applied Chemical Engineering

Abstract This paper examines some of the properties and potential applications of montmorillonite, which is a type of clay in the smectite group, and its importance in achieving some of the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper points to some of the unique attributes that the mineral has, most of which lie in its capacity to retain water and provide essential nutrients, thus improving soil quality. Soilless growth media that contain montmorillonite can improve plant growth and make better use of resources. This study is specifically concerned with the application of montmorillonite for the development of sustainable agriculture and the preservation of the environment. It will look into the application of montmorillonite for agricultural purposes, water filtration, and the preservation of the ecosystem. This study will examine the characteristics and potential application of montmorillonite, a clay mineral belonging to the smectite group, and its contributions to the development of some of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It will be comprised of some information on the application of montmorillonite for agricultural purposes, water filtration, and environmental preservation techniques, as well as the exposure of the agricultural environment to montmorillonite. Moreover, this paper presents some of the benefits of montmorillonite and addresses the second goal of sustainable development, including poverty alleviation and food security improvement, which can benefit people worldwide.

Abstract Salbutamol sulfate was analyzed using a straightforward, expeditious, and precise spectrophotometric approach. This method enabled the rapid and precise quantification of salbutamol sulfate within complex samples.in this method  Salbutamol sulfate is coupled with a diazotized p-methoxy aniline reagent in an alkaline medium to form stable and water- soluble yellow azo dye . The resulting compound exhibited maximum absorption at 426 nm The method follows Beer's law was over the concentration range 2-12 μg mL -1  and Sandell's sensitivity index at 1.76 × 10 -2 μg cm -2 , Detection limit is 0.0096 μg mL -1 . This approach demonstrates rising reliability (average recovery 98.75%), with a relative standard division (SD) is 0.0017 μg mL -1 and   molar absorption coefficient 3.269× 10 4  L mol −1  cm -1 .This proposed technique has been successfully applied to determine the salbutamol sulphate with no interference from conventional pharma logical excipients. Furthermore, this procedure was effectively versus the official ones, demonstrating its reliability and potential for routine analysis.

Abstract Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is considered one of the most important parameters that indicates the presence of organic pollution in industrial wastewaters. Refinery wastes represent complex heterogeneous, structurally, oily liquid that contains a very high load of organics. This study aims to assess the efficiency of refinery wastewater treatment by three methods, namely coagulation, ozonation, and a UV/O₃ hybrid system, and to determine the optimum operational conditions of each technique at the Baiji oil refinery complex. The study started by applying a coagulation process using two types of chemicals, namely Al₂(SO₄)₃ and FeCl₃ at varying pH to evaluate the effect of conditions on COD removal. The second process was ozonation with a range of concentrations and finally the UV/O₃ system for enhancing the advanced oxidation of steel. The standard methods of measurement as approved by the labs of Baiji Refinery and Tikrit University were followed for each procedure. The two-way ANOVA was used to find out the high coefficient factors affecting removal efficiency. The results demonstrated that chemical coagulation alone gives removal rates of 44–62%. The efficiency increased when the procedure was coupled with ozonation to reach 67–81%. The UV/O₃ going system was the best, with removal efficiencies of 92–97%, which confirms the important role of the •OH hydroxyl radicals in destroying the complex organics. The statistical analysis indicates that the type of process was the most influential factor affecting the removal efficiency and that the coagulant did not have any statistically important effect. It could be concluded that the integrated system Coagulation + O₃ + UV/O₃ is a promising solution to treat high organic load refinery effluents. It is also recommended to optimize UV reactor design and O₃ dosage to ensure a higher efficiency and lower energy consumption. Further studies should be conducted to assess the optimum level of this system and to perform an economic feasibility study to scale them up in Iraqi refineries.

Abstract Iron plays a pivotal role in hematopoiesis, particularly in hemoglobin synthesis and oxygen transport. Alterations in iron availability, whether nutritional or pharmacological, directly influence erythroid indices and red blood cell morphology. This study employed validated UV–Vis spectrophotometric methods combined with hematological analysis to evaluate the effects of iron-containing substances, with and without caffeine, on complete blood count (CBC) parameters. Calibration results confirmed excellent linearity and sensitivity, enabling accurate quantification of iron–caffeine interactions. Hematological data demonstrated significant increases in hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red blood cell counts in treated groups, while white blood cell counts remained largely unaffected. Platelet indices revealed moderate morphological changes, although total platelet numbers were stable. Collectively, these findings highlight the applicability of spectrophotometric techniques in biomedical and nutritional research, offering a cost-effective and reliable alternative for clinical and laboratory investigations.

Abstract Three new Schiff base compounds (S1-S3) from 1-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)ethan-1-amine and substituted-benzaldehydes are synthesized and biologically evaluated in this work. After microwave-assisted synthesis, the compounds were purified and structurally characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. Agar diffusion was used to test their antibacterial activities against pathogens such Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus anthracis, and Acinetobacter. The derivative S2 was the most antibacterial at all doses, with inhibitory zones greater than those of azithromycin in certain instances. The cytotoxicity studies on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line using MTT assay showed that derivatives S2 and S3 significantly inhibited cancer cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, with derivative S2 having a lower IC50 than derivative S3, indicating greater potency, which depending on in silico molecular docking investigations, derivative S3 have substantial binding affinities to the EGFR receptor and glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase, respectively, with binding energies of -8.5 and -5.4 kcal/mol, and this study suggests Schiff base derivatives multipurpose antibacterial and anticancer applications, particularly against drug-resistant microorganisms and hormone-responsive breast cancer.

Abstract This research article highlights how Bioactive Pyrimidine Derivatives were synthesized in an environmentally friendly manner via Green Chemistry using Copper Oxide (CuO) NanoParticles (NPs) as recyclable catalysts through the multicombination Biginelli Reaction. The CuO NPs (approximately 18nm) were synthesized efficiently via a cost-effective, simple mechanical mixing/calcination method, with characterization verified with XRD, EDX, FESEM, and FTIR. The one-pot condensation reaction of the three starting reagents (aldehydes, acetylacetone, and urea) was achieved in 30 minutes at 80°C with yields of approximately 90 to 95%, which produced a major compound, (5-acetyl-6-methyl-4-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one). Box-Behnken design (BBD) design of experiments together with response surface methodology (RSM) using Design-Expert 13 was performed on the condensation reaction to determine the optimal conditions (1mmol of initial aldehyde, 1mmol of urea, 1mmol of acetylacetone, 0.1g of catalyst) and establish a predictive neural network model with R2=0.8684 and Adeq Precision=7.74. CuO NPs outperformed traditional and existing types of catalysts (CdO NPs and copper acetate), exhibited products with tolerance to a wide range of substituents (H, NO2, OH); additionally, they provided consistent three (3) to four (4) cycles of continuous activity, demonstrating a sustainable, scalable method for producing pharmacologically active dihydropyrimidinones.

Abstract This determined the electrical characteristics of the six-naphthalene bridge tetracyanoquinodimethane dye that were suggested. The characteristics were determined by plotting energy and temperature against one another. The SIESTA-trunk-426 program was used for the relaxation of the dyes under study by employing the Generalized Gradient Approximation/Double Zeta Density Functional Theory (GGA/DZ-DFT). The Gollum program was employed for The SIESTA-trunk-426 algorithm was used to relax the dyes under examination using the Generalized Gradient Approximation/Double Zeta Density Functional Theory (GGA/DZ-DFT). Calculating the electrical characteristics of the dyes under study. Initially, each dye was inserted between two gold electrodes, and the dye, along with the confined layers of the electrodes, were allowed to react a second time to form the relaxed structures. Electrical conductivity, conductance, thermal conductivity, and the Seebeck coefficient were examined.

Abstract In recent years, Antioxidants have played a crucial role in various applications, and their potential has been evaluated through multiple assays Antioxidant utilizing 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), β-carotene assay and environmentally friendly corrosion resistance property for alloy carbon steel in 1M HCl was investigated in both in the absence and presence of methanolic extract of Inula graveolens L (MEIG). Using the Tafel Plot method, the impact of temperature and inhibitor concentration was studied MEIG gave good antioxidant activity, including β-carotene (83%) and DPPH (73.9%), and exhibited a maximal (99.5%) inhibitory efficiency at 323 k. Kinetic parameters (Ea, ΔG*, ΔS*and ΔH*,) were calculated. MEIG increased the energy barrier of the corrosion reaction, making it non-spontaneous through an endothermic mechanism. Furthermore, ΔHads, ΔGads, and ΔSads were also calculated, demonstrating that the inhibitor was physically adsorbed via a spontaneous. However, inhibition efficiency decreased with rising temperature due to weakened adsorption and desorption effect Simply blocking the reaction sites inhibited the corrosion. The absorption process sold the Langmuir equation for heat absorption. The study highlights MEIG’s dual functionality as a potent antioxidant and an effective, environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor models was processed using MATLAB computer programming.

Abstract Through a Vilsmeier–Haack condensation 2-chloro-3-formyl-1.8-nathyridine (I) was synthesized. When treated with aqueous hydrochloric acid converted to compound (II) was successfully obtained in high yield and then converted to Novel 1-(8-methyl) furo[2,3-b] -(1,8-naphthyridine-2-yl) ethenone (III) through Claisen –Schmidt condensation. The condensation between compound III (ketone) and benzaldehyde yield Novel (furo[2,3-b] (1,8-naphthyridine-2-yl)-2- acetyl called chalcone (4). The reaction between chalcone and bromine water yields dibromide (6), Iodo chalcone (5) produced by treatment of chalcone with one to two pieces of crystal iodine in dimethyl sulfoxide. Spectral analysis techniques such as 1H-NMR, FT-IR were employed to identify and confirm the structural formula of all products. The synthesized compounds (3-6) were evaluation for their anti- bacterial activity against both gram negative and gram-positive bacteria, demonstrating significant compared to standard drug. All these compounds showed moderate activity.

Abstract Cervical cancer remains a major health concern among women worldwide and is associated with multiple biochemical and molecular alterations, including oxidative stress. This work aimed to evaluate the connection between oxidative stress and antioxidant status in women with cervical cancer by measuring serum nitric oxide (NO), plasma vitamin C (VC), and serum zinc (Zn) levels. A total of 120 women were implicated in this case–control study, comprising 60 patients diagnosed with cervical cancer and 60 healthy age-matched controls. Blood samples were gathered and analyzed to evaluate the concentrations of NO, VC, and Zn using ELISA and colorimetric methods. Statistical analysis was done utilizing SPSS software. The results showed significantly higher levels of serum nitric oxide in cervical cancer participants matched with the controls group (p < 0.001). In contrast, plasma vitamin C and serum zinc concentrations were significantly reduced in participants with cervical cancer (p < 0.001). Pearson correlation analysis shows a efficient negative correlation between nitric oxide and both vitamin C and zinc concentratinos, while a positive correlation was seen between vitamin C and zinc. (ROC) curve analysis explained that these biomarkers possess diagnostic potential, with nitric oxide showing the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.88), followed by vitamin C (AUC = 0.84) and zinc (AUC = 0.81). These findings suggest that cervical cancer is associated with increased oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant defense, highlighting the potential turn of oxidative stress biomarkers in understanding the biochemical alterations related to cervical cancer.

Abstract The high salinity of Aral Sea water, as well as high amounts of accompanying magnesium, potassium, and sulfate ions, significantly limit the rational use of these waters for lithium extraction. The effective separation of these impurities is a complex scientific and technological task that requires selective and economically justified solutions. The current study evaluates the feasibility of Aral Sea water purification using a chemical precipitation method for the removal of magnesium and potassium compounds and sulfate ions. The method is based on the selective precipitation of magnesium and potassium in the form of double phosphate salt KMgPO 4  using sodium hydrogen phosphate as the precipitating agent, with the precipitation of sulfate ions as calcium sulfate dihydrate. The key process variables, including reagent proportions, pH, temperature, and precipitation time, were examined and optimized to achieve maximum purification efficiency. The removal efficiency under the established optimal conditions reached 97.1% for magnesium compounds, 96.3% for potassium, and 93.4% for sulfate ions. The precipitates obtained had stable phase composition and good filtration properties, thus improving the technological feasibility of the proposed method. The findings confirm the high efficiency of the proposed method and its great potential for deep purification of highly mineralized waters.