Applied Chemical Engineering
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2578-2010 (Online) Journal Abbreviation: Appl. Chem. Eng. |
Applied Chemical Engineering (ACE) is an international open-access academic journal dedicated to publishing highly professional research in all fields related to chemical engineering. All manuscripts are subjected to a rigorous double-blind peer review process, to ensure quality and originality. We are interested inthe original research discoveries. This journal also features a wide range of research in ancillary areas relevant to chemistry. ACE publishes original research articles, review articles, editorials, case reports, letters, brief commentaries, perspectives, methods, etc. The research topics of ACE include but are not limited to:
Starting from Volume 7, Issue 2 of 2024, Applied Chemical Engineering (ACE) will be published by Arts and Science Press Pte. Ltd. Please turn to the journal website for new submissions. |
ISSN: Vol. 9 No. 2(Publishing)
Table of Contents
Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Enas H. Mohammed, Bashar Abdulazeez Mahmood
2026,9(2);
250 Views
Abstract
Iron plays a pivotal role in hematopoiesis, particularly in hemoglobin synthesis and oxygen transport. Alterations in iron availability, whether nutritional or pharmacological, directly influence erythroid indices and red blood cell morphology. This study employed validated UV–Vis spectrophotometric methods combined with hematological analysis to evaluate the effects of iron-containing substances, with and without caffeine, on complete blood count (CBC) parameters. Calibration results confirmed excellent linearity and sensitivity, enabling accurate quantification of iron–caffeine interactions. Hematological data demonstrated significant increases in hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red blood cell counts in treated groups, while white blood cell counts remained largely unaffected. Platelet indices revealed moderate morphological changes, although total platelet numbers were stable. Collectively, these findings highlight the applicability of spectrophotometric techniques in biomedical and nutritional research, offering a cost-effective and reliable alternative for clinical and laboratory investigations.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Manjusha Tatiya, Pragati Choudhari, Rupali Ramdas Kawade, Prafulla O. Bagde, Rupali Ashok Patil, Vasundhara Vasudev Sutar, Anant Sidhappa Kurhade
2026,9(2);
0 Views
Abstract
Chemical processes are often complex nonlinear reactions, with large numbers of operating variables, and high energy consumption; therefore, optimization is not an easy task. With the industrial data from sensors and monitoring systems becoming more widely available, artificial intelligence (AI) is being deployed to enable process efficiency as well as better decision making. Further, unlike the more traditional optimization methods used, especially for complex and high dimensional systems as in molecular design, AI techniques can do so much more efficiently than exploring the whole computational landscape thanks to their powerful predictive capabilities. This review provides an overview of recent developments in machine learning, deep learning (DL), reinforcement learning, and evolutionary algorithms for chemical process optimization across four key industrial applications: reactor design; distillation; energy management; and predictive maintenance. Results suggest that AI-driven solutions enhance process performance, energy savings and promote sustainable industrialization in the context of SDGs 7, 9, 12 and 13.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Dwi Widjanarko, Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas, Sucihatiningsih Dian Wisika Prajanti, Samsudin Anis, Harumi Veny, Hasan Maksum, Riski Deriansyah, Indra Wahyu Kurniawan, Krisma Nandes Al Rafi
2026,9(2);
33 Views
Abstract
This work studied the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using an ultrasonic reactor and the testing of biodiesel fuel performance in a diesel engine on a light truck. The process for biodiesel production consisted of several steps, including waste cooking oil filtration, esterification, ultrasonic-assisted transesterification, biodiesel separation using the decantation process, washing, and drying. The main transesterification reaction was conducted using methanol with a molar ratio to the oil of 6:1 and a KOH catalyst of 1%. The reaction was accomplished at 60℃ in 30 minutes. Biodiesel produced was tested to reveal its main characteristics, i.e., flash point, density, viscosity, FAME content, and caloric values. Biodiesel was then mixed with commercial diesel fuel at various ratios (B40, B45, B50, B55, B60, and B65) and tested to evaluate their performance as fuel in a diesel engine on a light truck. A chassis dynamometer was used to measure vehicle torque and power in light trucks that resulted from biodiesel fuel, which was mixed with fossil diesel fuel at a range of ratios. The test revealed that the biodiesel fuels met the standards of fuel characteristics, and the performance in a diesel engine was comparable to that of a diesel engine powered by diesel oil.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Saleem F. Mones, Husham M.Al-Tameeemi, Rafid K. Abbas, Zahraa M. Ghafil
2026,9(2);
0 Views
Abstract
In present work, a heterogeneous Fenton process using prepared Fe2O3@ CeO2; 1:2 ratio /AC nanocatalyst was used to treat wastewater discharged from Iraqi petroleum refinery plant. The heterogeneous Fenton process was evaluated for its efficiency in removing COD via application a response surface methodology (RSM) and adopting a batch mode. Three essential operating factors were considered namely catalyst dosage (0.5-1.5 g/l), H2O2 dosage (0.4-1), and pH (3-7). The Fe2O3@ CeO2; 1:2 ratio /AC nanocatalyst was characterized using XRD, FESEM. EDS techniques. Results showed good adhesion property of the prepared nanomaterials with nano size with particle size diameter in range of (31.52- 69.08 nm). The optimum operating conditions were: catalyst dosage of 1.5 g/l, H2O2 dosage of 0.5878 g/l and pH of 3 in which RE% of 85% was achieved. Results of ANOVA confirmed that the catalyst dosage has the most significant effect on RE% with a contribution of 57.66% followed by pH is 22.03%, and H2O2 dosage is 11.91%. The comparison between the classical Fenton processes with heterogeneous Fenton process (Fenton- Like) showed that higher removal efficiency could be achieved using the heterogeneous Fenton process conferring the importance of application this processes as an alternative, sustainable, and cost-effective processes in the treatment of petroleum wastewaters.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Tamam Mahdi Salih, Sarah Abdulhamza Hameed, Ameer Mahmood Shaker
2026,9(2);
301 Views
Abstract
Three new Schiff base compounds (S1-S3) from 1-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)ethan-1-amine and substituted-benzaldehydes are synthesized and biologically evaluated in this work. After microwave-assisted synthesis, the compounds were purified and structurally characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. Agar diffusion was used to test their antibacterial activities against pathogens such Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus anthracis, and Acinetobacter. The derivative S2 was the most antibacterial at all doses, with inhibitory zones greater than those of azithromycin in certain instances. The cytotoxicity studies on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line using MTT assay showed that derivatives S2 and S3 significantly inhibited cancer cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, with derivative S2 having a lower IC50 than derivative S3, indicating greater potency, which depending on in silico molecular docking investigations, derivative S3 have substantial binding affinities to the EGFR receptor and glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase, respectively, with binding energies of -8.5 and -5.4 kcal/mol, and this study suggests Schiff base derivatives multipurpose antibacterial and anticancer applications, particularly against drug-resistant microorganisms and hormone-responsive breast cancer.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Nissrine Majit, Naila Amrous, Jamal Mabrouki
2026,9(2);
122 Views
Abstract
This study conducts a strategic stakeholder analysis of Morocco’s Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) within the country’s broader energy-transition reforms. It employs a qualitative triangulation design, combining semi-structured interviews, deep documentary analysis, and relational mapping. Results highlight a centralised governance pattern in which public institutions, international donors, and local authorities play a dominant role, while civil society organisations, innovation clusters, and universities remain weakly integrated. The analysis identifies structural power asymmetries, zones of uncertainty, and dependency relations that affect policy coordination. The resulting stakeholder map provides a decision-support tool for identifying coordination bottlenecks, clarifying institutional dependencies, and designing more inclusive consultation mechanisms between regulators, operators, territorial actors, innovation institutions, and civil-society representatives. The study contributes to the literature on socio-technical transitions in emerging contexts, where institutional design is as critical as technological innovation. As the study adopts a cross-sectional design, it captures stakeholder relations at a specific stage of AMI deployment rather than their longitudinal evolution. Moreover, because several international stakeholders could not be interviewed directly, part of the analysis of the international cluster relies on secondary institutional reports. Future research should therefore examine how governance arrangements, inter-institutional dependencies, and stakeholder influence patterns evolve throughout the later phases of AMI deployment.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Munusami. V, Arutselvan. K, Vetrivel. M
2026,9(2);
37 Views
Abstract
Cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films were successfully synthesized using thiourea as the sulfur precursor through the spray pyrolysis technique for photovoltaic (PV) applications. The structural, optical, and photoluminescence properties of the films were investigated to assess their suitability as an electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of polycrystalline CdS with a cubic zinc blende structure and a preferred (111) orientation, indicating high crystallinity and phase purity. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed a direct optical band gap of 2.43 eV, high visible-light transmittance, and a sharp absorption edge, demonstrating excellent transparency for window layer applications. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements showed a sharp near-band-edge emission peak at 620 nm, indicating low defect density, dominant radiative recombination, and superior optical quality. The absence of deep-level emission bands further confirmed minimal trap-state formation due to the controlled sulfur ion release provided by thiourea during film growth. A comparative assessment with conventional ETL materials such as TiO 2 , ZnO, and SnO 2 highlighted the advantages of thiourea-derived CdS, including high transparency, favorable lattice compatibility, efficient charge transport, low processing temperature, and reduced fabrication cost. Based on these findings, a novel perovskite solar cell architecture, FTO/CdS/Perovskite/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au, was proposed. Energy band alignment analysis demonstrated favorable conduction band matching between CdS (−3.8 eV) and MAPbI 3 perovskite (−3.9 eV), enabling efficient electron extraction and reduced interfacial recombination. Simulated device performance under AM1.5G illumination yielded a Jsc of 22.5 mA/cm², Voc of 1.10 V, FF of 78.4%, and PCE of 19.4%, confirming the potential of thiourea-derived CdS for high-performance, low-cost perovskite solar cells.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Rulla Sabah, Nisreen Kais Abood, Mustafa Hammadi
2026,9(2);
74 Views
Abstract
This study establishes a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method that is precise and expeditious for the existing separation and quantification of codeine and diazepam, while reducing analysis time and separation efficiency. An RP-Sunfire C18 column (5 µm, 4.6 × 250 mm) was used to separate the samples. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and a phosphate buffer and detection were performed at 230 nm. The approach separated the two drugs in less than 7 minutes using an isocratic elution mode. Codeine and diazepam had retention times of 4.19 and 6.09 minutes, respectively, and the resolution was a good value (Rs = 4.22). The results showed that the column was highly efficient, with theoretical plate counts passing 2579 for codeine and 2373 for diazepam. The very symmetrical peaks, with symmetry factor values ranging from 1.05 to 1.08. The method showed an excellent linearity within the range of concentration (5-25 µg. mL -1 ) with high Coefficient of Determination (R²≥ 0.9998) and low limits of detection, indicating its high sensitivity. High recovery rates (99.46-100.27%) further confirmed the method's accuracy and lack of pharmaceutical interference. Separation conditions were optimized using response surface morphology (RSM), with analysis of variance (ANOVA) showing high significance for the quadratic model (p = 0.0057) and no significance for the non-conformity test (p = 0.2700). Optimal conditions were determined using a mobile phase of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer in a 40:60 (v/v) ratio at pH 4.0, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL.min -1 . These conditions confirm the method's efficiency and suitability for routine pharmaceutical laboratory applications.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
Green-synthesized MgO nanoparticles from Gracilaria folifera: Electrochemical and antidiabetic study
by M. Adhithi, M. Yogeswari, K Dhanalakshmi, P. Sangeetha, M. Ehthishamul Haque, B. Sangeetha, S. Sivakumar, B. Esther Bharathi
2026,9(2);
144 Views
Abstract
Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles are attractive materials for biomedical and electrochemical applications due to their defect-rich structure and high surface reactivity. In this study, MgO nanoparticles were synthesized using a green sol-gel method with Gracilaria folifera extract (GF-MgO) acting as a natural reducing and capping agent. Structural analysis confirmed the formation of phase-pure cubic MgO with nanoscale crystallite size. Spectroscopic studies revealed successful biofunctionalization and the presence of oxygen vacancies induced by algal biomolecules. Electrochemical investigations demonstrated quasi-reversible redox behavior with enhanced charge transfer properties. The biofunctionalized GF-MgO nanoparticles exhibited improved antidiabetic activity, showing lower IC₅₀ values for α-amylase (37.06 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (48.91 µg/mL) compared to pure MgO. The enhanced performance is attributed to synergistic interactions between MgO defect sites and Gracilaria folifera phytochemicals. This work highlights a simple and eco-friendly strategy for producing biofunctional MgO nanoparticles with improved electrochemical and therapeutic potential. This study presents a novel approach for synthesizing defect-engineered, biofunctional MgO nanoparticles using Gracilaria folifera, demonstrating the synergistic role of algal biomolecules in enhancing electrochemical performance and antidiabetic activity.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Ismat Jahan Jony, Umida Shabarova, Anora Jumayeva, Aziz Salimov, Eldor Togayev, Gulkhayo Umidjonova, Umida Abdurakhmatova, Akbar Abdiev, Madina Murodillayeva, Sirojiddin Kengboev, Erkin Yakubov, Barat Abdurahmanov, Axmad Nurmuxamedov, Bakhodir Abdullayev, Murodjon Samadiy
2026,9(2);
132 Views
Abstract
The fabrication of hybrid semiconducting materials comprising polymers and ceramics is a novel approach that has gained significant traction for designing multifunctional materials with improved electronic and optical properties. In this research, the design of a heterojunction hybrid material comprising polyethylene (PE) and Strontium Titanate (SrTiO 3 ) was explored through extensive simulations using Materials Studio. SrTiO 3 nanoparticles were dispersed in the polyethylene matrix at specific filler loadings to analyze the structural compatibility and charge-transfer phenomenon between the two constituents. The structural analysis showed increased structural compatibility and stability in the hybrid system, with improved molecular packing and reduced free volume at the interface. Electronic properties analysis revealed a heterojunction formed by the interaction between PE and SrTiO 3 , which altered the band structure, reduced the energy gap, and improved charge-carrier mobility compared to pristine polyethylene.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Dalal Abbas Ali, Ibtehaj Raheem Ali
2026,9(2);
0 Views
Abstract
Herein, two new azo reagents, 2-[(1-banzimidazol)azo]-2-hydroxy-5-banzal (BIApB) and 6-[(1-banzethiazol) azo thymol] (BTAT), were synthesized and identified using FTIR, UV-Vis, mass spectrometry, and ¹H-NMR. Also, this research presents a comparative analysis of novel azo-chelating reagents for the cloud point extraction (CPE) of gold complexes. The study evaluates how the structural differences between the benzimidazole and benzothiazole moieties influence both extraction efficiency (E%) and the biological potency of the resulting complexes. The optimal conditions for both reagents (BIApB and BTAT) were determined. These included pH, TritonX-100 concentration, temperature, and heating time. The thermodynamic characteristics of the CPE were calculated for both chelators with gold. The CPL layer easily removed by syringe.
This approach indicates an endothermic reaction. The analytical figures for BIApB and BTAT, respectively, were good, with limits of detection (LOD) of 0.30 and 0.35 µg L -1 , limits of quantities (LOQ) of 1.0 and 1.16 µg L -1 , pre-concentration factors (PF) of 200 and 125, enrichment factors (EF) of 125 and 147.4, and RSD% values of 8.7% and 1.1%. The calibration curves for two complexes were linear from 1.0 to 7.0 µg L -1 .
Additionally, analytical results confirm effective gold recovery with both reagents; however, antibacterial screening against E. coli and S. aureus revealed that the BTAT-Au(III) complex possesses significantly higher bioactivity, with inhibition zones reaching 28 mm. This is attributed to the increased lipophilicity provided by the sulphur-containing benzothiazole ring, which facilitates membrane penetration. Statistical t-tests (p < 0.05) confirmed that the antibacterial effects are dose-dependent, establishing BTAT as a high-performance, multifunctional reagent for both trace metal analysis and antimicrobial applications.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Ali Hadi Mizal, Inaam Hani Kadhim
2026,9(2);
0 Views
Abstract
The energy resolution is one of the most important performance parameters of scintillation detectors, and it characterizes their ability to accurately measure gamma-ray energies. In this study, the statistical stability of the energy resolution of a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector was investigated using gamma spectra from a 137Cs source under fixed operational conditions. The energy resolution was determined from the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the photopeak and analyzed using statistical methods.
Approximately 100 spectra were acquired and analyzed in the R environment using descriptive statistics, normality tests, correlation, and regression analyses. The results show a mean energy resolution of 16.94±0.81, indicating low dispersion and stable detector performance. Although a statistically significant relationship with the measurement sequence was observed, the low coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.24) suggests that the variations are mainly due inherent statistical fluctuations.
Overall, the findings confirm that the NaI(Tl) detector exhibits stable performance under controlled laboratory conditions and demonstrate the effectiveness of statistical time-series analysis for evaluating detector stability.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Jay K Patel, Shailesh K Patel
2026,9(2);
21 Views
Abstract
The global refrigeration sector is undergoing a fundamental transition toward low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants under regulatory mandates such as the Kigali Amendment and the EU F-Gas Regulation. R1234ze(E) (trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, GWP =6) has emerged as a leading candidate to replace R134a (GWP = 1430); however, it exhibits a 9–15% lower coefficient of performance (COP) and a 20–30% reduction in volumetric cooling capacity relative to the incumbent. This study investigates the performance enhancement of R1234ze(E)-based vapor compression refrigeration systems (VCRS) through nanorefrigerant technology. A combined experimental and theoretical approach evaluated energy and exergy performance using SiO 2 nanoparticles and graphene nanoplatelet/polyol ester (GNP/POE) nanolubricant. Numerical simulations employed the Peng-Robinson equation of state with nanoparticle suspension sub-models validated against experimental data. Dispersion of 0.05 vol% GNP in POE lubricant improved COP by 16.8% relative to pure R1234ze(E) and by 6.2% relative to R134a, with a maximum enhancement of 39.0% achieved under optimized conditions (360 g charge, 2000 RPM). SiO 2 nanoparticles at 0.5 mass% reduced compressor work by 11.6% while increasing the refrigeration effect by 8.3%. Exergy analysis identified compressor exergy destruction reduction (−23.7%) as the dominant improvement mechanism, with the overall exergetic efficiency rising from 36.5% to 42.8%. An optimal GNP concentration of 0.05–0.07 vol% was identified, beyond which viscosity-driven penalties degrade performance. The findings establish nanorefrigerant technology as a hardware-neutral, retrofit-compatible pathway for sustainable refrigeration.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Safa Mohsen Shnain
2026,9(2);
10 Views
Abstract
Sliver nanoparticles were prepared in an environmentally friendly method. This method is safe and economically inexpensive, as the reducing agents found in the plant work to convert simple primary chemicals into nanomaterials with unique and distinctive properties. They are characterized by their size, which ranges from 10 -100 nm, therefore they are of great importance in all areas of life as they are used in industry, agriculture, medicine, energy, communications and others.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Asrra Modhir Habeeb, Hussein Neama Najeeb, Qussay Mohammed Salman
2026,9(2);
242 Views
Abstract
This determined the electrical characteristics of the six-naphthalene bridge tetracyanoquinodimethane dye that were suggested. The characteristics were determined by plotting energy and temperature against one another. The SIESTA-trunk-426 program was used for the relaxation of the dyes under study by employing the Generalized Gradient Approximation/Double Zeta Density Functional Theory (GGA/DZ-DFT). The Gollum program was employed for The SIESTA-trunk-426 algorithm was used to relax the dyes under examination using the Generalized Gradient Approximation/Double Zeta Density Functional Theory (GGA/DZ-DFT). Calculating the electrical characteristics of the dyes under study. Initially, each dye was inserted between two gold electrodes, and the dye, along with the confined layers of the electrodes, were allowed to react a second time to form the relaxed structures. Electrical conductivity, conductance, thermal conductivity, and the Seebeck coefficient were examined.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Khawlah S. Burgha, Hind Abdel Amier Sabti, Adnan Jassim Mohammed Al-Fartosy
2026,9(2);
161 Views
Abstract
In recent years, Antioxidants have played a crucial role in various applications, and their potential has been evaluated through multiple assays Antioxidant utilizing 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), β-carotene assay and environmentally friendly corrosion resistance property for alloy carbon steel in 1M HCl was investigated in both in the absence and presence of methanolic extract of Inula graveolens L (MEIG). Using the Tafel Plot method, the impact of temperature and inhibitor concentration was studied MEIG gave good antioxidant activity, including β-carotene (83%) and DPPH (73.9%), and exhibited a maximal (99.5%) inhibitory efficiency at 323 k. Kinetic parameters (Ea, ΔG*, ΔS*and ΔH*,) were calculated. MEIG increased the energy barrier of the corrosion reaction, making it non-spontaneous through an endothermic mechanism. Furthermore, ΔHads, ΔGads, and ΔSads were also calculated, demonstrating that the inhibitor was physically adsorbed via a spontaneous. However, inhibition efficiency decreased with rising temperature due to weakened adsorption and desorption effect Simply blocking the reaction sites inhibited the corrosion. The absorption process sold the Langmuir equation for heat absorption. The study highlights MEIG’s dual functionality as a potent antioxidant and an effective, environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor models was processed using MATLAB computer programming.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Abhilasha Pawar, Y V Krishna Reddy, Víctor Daniel Jiménez Macedo, Lizina Khatua, Feroz Shaik, Subhasis Datta, Kamalika Tiwari, C. KARNAN
2026,9(2);
44 Views
Abstract
This study presents a process-integrated framework for hydrogen energy storage and post-combustion carbon capture within renewable-assisted power systems, explicitly incorporating plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) interactions. In contrast to conventional economic load dispatch (ELD) formulations that treat hydrogen and carbon capture as simplified energy components, the proposed approach adopts a process-oriented representation of electrolyzer-based hydrogen production, fuel cell energy conversion, and amine-based CO₂ absorption. The framework captures the coupling between electrical energy flows and chemical processes through energy–mass balance relationships and efficiency constraints. PEVs are modelled as flexible electrochemical storage systems with bidirectional vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capability, enabling dynamic interaction with system demand. The integrated model is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem, considering operating cost and emission reduction, and is solved using the Zebra Optimization Algorithm (ZOA). The framework is evaluated on a standard ten-unit test system under multiple operational scenarios. Results indicate that renewable and PEV integration reduces emissions by 19% and operating cost by 10%. The inclusion of hydrogen energy storage and 90% efficient carbon capture achieves approximately 80% emission reduction with a moderate increase in cost. These findings highlight the significance of incorporating process-level chemical engineering principles into power system optimization, demonstrating that coordinated hydrogen production, utilization, and carbon capture can substantially enhance decarbonization performance while maintaining system feasibility.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Riky Stepanus Situmorang, Novin Haritsyah, James Haryanto, Hendrik Voice Sihombing
2026,9(2);
75 Views
Abstract
Sandblasting is a surface treatment process in which abrasive particles are propelled at high speed toward a material’s surface to remove contaminants such as dust, paint, rust, and oil, producing a clean, rough texture. This study investigates the influence of spraying pressure, abrasive media type, and nozzle angle on the surface roughness of ASTM A36 steel. The experiment compared sandblasting results using aluminium oxide grit 60 and silica grit 60 at pressures of 5 bar and 7 bar, with firing angles of 45° and 90°. Surface roughness was measured using a roughness tester, and surface morphology was analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The highest average roughness (Ra) for aluminium oxide was 3.819 μm at a 90° angle and 7 bar pressure, while the lowest was 2.593 μm at 45° and 5 bar. For silica abrasives, the maximum Ra was 3.651 μm under 90°–7 bar conditions, and the minimum was 2.650 μm at 45°–5 bar. These results confirm that higher pressure and perpendicular firing angles generally produce rougher surfaces due to greater abrasive energy transfer. Overall, the findings indicate that spraying pressure, firing angle, and abrasive media type significantly affect surface roughness, providing valuable insights for optimizing sandblasting parameters in industrial surface preparation.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Fatimah Nazar Mahmood, Alaa I. Ayoob, Shakir M. Saied, Mohanad Y. Saleh
2026,9(2);
290 Views
Abstract
Through a Vilsmeier–Haack condensation 2-chloro-3-formyl-1.8-nathyridine (I) was synthesized. When treated with aqueous hydrochloric acid converted to compound (II) was successfully obtained in high yield and then converted to Novel 1-(8-methyl) furo[2,3-b] -(1,8-naphthyridine-2-yl) ethenone (III) through Claisen –Schmidt condensation. The condensation between compound III (ketone) and benzaldehyde yield Novel (furo[2,3-b] (1,8-naphthyridine-2-yl)-2- acetyl called chalcone (4). The reaction between chalcone and bromine water yields dibromide (6), Iodo chalcone (5) produced by treatment of chalcone with one to two pieces of crystal iodine in dimethyl sulfoxide. Spectral analysis techniques such as 1H-NMR, FT-IR were employed to identify and confirm the structural formula of all products. The synthesized compounds (3-6) were evaluation for their anti- bacterial activity against both gram negative and gram-positive bacteria, demonstrating significant compared to standard drug. All these compounds showed moderate activity.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Manal Abdulsattar Muhammed, Mahdi Nuhair Rahi, Noor Mohammed Abd, Nuralhuda Aladdin Jasim
2026,9(2);
0 Views
Abstract
This study presents a chemical engineering-based analysis of transport phenomena in porous media, focusing on the coupled mechanisms of fluid flow and solute migration within an unlined canal system. The work is framed within environmental chemical engineering, where seepage is interpreted not only as a hydraulic loss but also as a transport-driven mechanism governing solute migration, adsorption, and process inefficiency. A combined experimental–numerical approach is employed to characterize porous media properties and simulate transport behavior using finite element modeling (FEM). The governing equations incorporate advection, diffusion, and reaction terms to describe coupled flow and reactive transport processes. Key parameters, including permeability, porosity, and adsorption characteristics of clay-rich soils, are evaluated to quantify both fluid flux and solute transport under varying hydraulic conditions. Results indicate that under low hydraulic gradients, both fluid and solute transport are negligible, whereas high-gradient conditions significantly enhance convective mass transfer and promote contaminant migration. Spatial analysis reveals localized transport “hotspots,” analogous to channeling effects in chemical reactors, leading to non-uniform system efficiency. The findings demonstrate that porous media systems can be effectively modeled as distributed chemical transport reactors, where fluid loss and solute migration are governed by coupled physicochemical interactions. This study provides a novel framework for integrating transport phenomena and process optimization principles in environmental systems, offering strategies for minimizing losses and improving system efficiency through material and operational modifications.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Oki Suprada Ompusunggu, Riky Stepanus Situmorang, Pramio Garson Sembiring, Aldi Maulana Sidik, Edbert Vincent Salim
2026,9(2);
72 Views
Abstract
The aim of this research is to examine the effect of variations in spraying pressure and distance on the surface roughness and coating quality of ASTM A36 steel. The method used is by comparing the results of the sandblasting using 60 mesh aluminium oxide abrasive material with a shooting angle of 90° at a distance of 5 cm and 10 cm with pressures of 4, 6 and 8 bar. Surface roughness and paint adhesion test is then done on the specimens. The roughness test showed that increasing sandblasting pressure did not have a direct correlation to the increase in surface roughness. Conversely, as the sandblasting distance increase from 5 cm to 10 cm, affected the surface roughness decreases. The highest mean Ra, Rp and Rz value were obtained from a nozzle distance of 5 cm at pressure of 8 bar with value of 4.125 μm, 11.746 μm and 25,773 μm respectively. Paint adhesion testing showed that the higher surface roughness did not necessarily result in better paint adhesion of the steel plates. Instead, surface morphology and coating thickness played a more dominant role in adhesion strength. These findings indicate that variations in pressure and distance during sandblasting significantly influence the surface texture and coating performance of ASTM A36 steel.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Kawakeb N. A. Abdulla, Rasha Hamza Mnehil, Saba Jesem Alheshemi, Montadher Ali Mahdi, Kareem Salim Abod
2026,9(2);
280 Views
Abstract
Cervical cancer remains a major health concern among women worldwide and is associated with multiple biochemical and molecular alterations, including oxidative stress.
This work aimed to evaluate the connection between oxidative stress and antioxidant status in women with cervical cancer by measuring serum nitric oxide (NO), plasma vitamin C (VC), and serum zinc (Zn) levels. A total of 120 women were implicated in this case–control study, comprising 60 patients diagnosed with cervical cancer and 60 healthy age-matched controls. Blood samples were gathered and analyzed to evaluate the concentrations of NO, VC, and Zn using ELISA and colorimetric methods. Statistical analysis was done utilizing SPSS software.
The results showed significantly higher levels of serum nitric oxide in cervical cancer participants matched with the controls group (p < 0.001). In contrast, plasma vitamin C and serum zinc concentrations were significantly reduced in participants with cervical cancer (p < 0.001). Pearson correlation analysis shows a efficient negative correlation between nitric oxide and both vitamin C and zinc concentratinos, while a positive correlation was seen between vitamin C and zinc. (ROC) curve analysis explained that these biomarkers possess diagnostic potential, with nitric oxide showing the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.88), followed by vitamin C (AUC = 0.84) and zinc (AUC = 0.81).
These findings suggest that cervical cancer is associated with increased oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant defense, highlighting the potential turn of oxidative stress biomarkers in understanding the biochemical alterations related to cervical cancer.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Hala Arshad Ali, Dina T. Hammody, Osama Khamees Ali, Areej Hamad Hassan, Asmaa M. Hamed
2026,9(2);
153 Views
Abstract
Water quality is a huge challenge in Iraq due to insufficient modern infrastructure for the effective treatment of wastewater, which leads to the release of non-purified effluents into river ecosystems and increases the risks for human beings' health significantly. The purpose of this research is the evaluation of white sand and natural zeolite performance as environmentally friendly and energy-saving filtration materials in removing pollutants from hospital wastewater. Multi-layer filtration systems were designed to investigate the effectiveness of both materials independently, and then to conduct the study of the combined use of the Sand-Zeolite filter under different operating conditions (flow rate, hydraulic retention time, HRT). The data obtained during the experiment prove that the combination of filtration materials improves their effectiveness in purifying wastewater from various pollutants. For instance, the efficiency of EC purification increased up to 89%, whereas TDS was removed on 69%. Moreover, the combined use of sand and zeolite demonstrated outstanding results in reducing organic load, and both BOD and COD decreased by 93% and 75%, respectively. The analysis showed that TBC was removed on 88%. Ammonia removal by the filter of the dual structure increased up to 99.6%, whereas individual use of filters resulted in the removal of ammonia by 99% (sand) and 99.7% (zeolite). It is also important to mention the efficiency of nitrate purification by Sand-Zeolite filter (64%), whereas the removal efficiency of nitrites was 56%. Sulfate (100%) and phosphorus (89%) were completely removed from wastewater by the tested filter. Heavy minerals' purification results indicated a complete removal of iron (Fe, 100%) and zinc (100%). As to chromium (87%), copper (86%) and nickel (51%) purification results, they can also be considered excellent. Thus, the combination of the filtration properties of white sand and zeolite proves to be a sustainable approach to purifying wastewater. The proposed methodology allows creating high-quality reclaimed water. The technology is extremely promising and affordable.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Bakhodir Abdullayev, Khojakbar Egamberdiyev, Jasur Makhmayorov, Anvar Khudaykulov, Muslimbek Tuxliyev, Luiza Turdiqulova, Fayzulla Rakhmatullayev, Murodullo Rakhimov, Samugjon Nigmadjonov, Ozoda Sheralieva, Khusniddin Botirov, Dilafruz Gulboyeva, Tulkin Skakarov, Khusankhon Pulatov, Durbek Abdurashidov, Samadiy Murodjon
2026,9(2);
308 Views
Abstract
The high salinity of Aral Sea water, as well as high amounts of accompanying magnesium, potassium, and sulfate ions, significantly limit the rational use of these waters for lithium extraction. The effective separation of these impurities is a complex scientific and technological task that requires selective and economically justified solutions. The current study evaluates the feasibility of Aral Sea water purification using a chemical precipitation method for the removal of magnesium and potassium compounds and sulfate ions. The method is based on the selective precipitation of magnesium and potassium in the form of double phosphate salt KMgPO 4 using sodium hydrogen phosphate as the precipitating agent, with the precipitation of sulfate ions as calcium sulfate dihydrate. The key process variables, including reagent proportions, pH, temperature, and precipitation time, were examined and optimized to achieve maximum purification efficiency. The removal efficiency under the established optimal conditions reached 97.1% for magnesium compounds, 96.3% for potassium, and 93.4% for sulfate ions. The precipitates obtained had stable phase composition and good filtration properties, thus improving the technological feasibility of the proposed method. The findings confirm the high efficiency of the proposed method and its great potential for deep purification of highly mineralized waters.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Nissrine MAJIT, Naila AMROUS, Jamal MABROUKI
2026,9(2);
177 Views
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly used to support the digital transformation of critical energy infrastructures by improving forecasting, grid monitoring, predictive maintenance, and operational decision-making. However, AI deployment in public utilities faces challenges related to institutional acceptance, digital maturity, institutional trust, and governance mechanisms. This article investigates how these factors interact within Morocco’s National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water (ONEE). The methodology is based on 29 semi-structured interviews, thematic coding using NVivo, and an exploratory quantitative synthesis. The analytical framework combines a condensed UTAUT2 framework, the McKinsey AI Maturity Model, and selected AI governance dimensions related to accountability and interoperability. The findings suggest a positive association between AI maturity and organisational acceptability, with governance strengthening this relationship. However, given the qualitative-dominant design, the small sample size, and the exploratory scoring procedure, the correlation results are interpreted as indicative rather than confirmatory. The study contributes to applied infrastructure and utility governance research by showing that responsible AI deployment in critical energy systems requires not only digital capabilities but also transparent governance, regulatory clarity, cybersecurity safeguards, and internal stakeholder trust.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Alaa Ali Diwan Shamkhi, Ban A. Naser, Nihal Abdullah AbdulWahhab
2026,9(2);
0 Views
Abstract
This study investigates the spectral and nonlinear optical characteristics of a new mixture of three organic laser dyes : (Fluorescein Orange, Eosin Yellow, and Rhodamine B) dissolved in chloroform solvent at varying concentrations (2×10-5, 4×10-5, 6×10-5, and 8×10-5) M. A diode-pumped solid-state laser with a power of 84mW and a 457nm wavelength has been used for nonlinear measurements using the Z-Scan method. With a UV-VIS spectrophotometer, the transmission and absorption spectra of each sample were measured. All of the samples' closed-aperture Z-scans confirmed self-defocusing behavior, and the open-aperture Z-scan confirmed two-photon absorption. According to the findings, the nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index increased with concentrations. The fluorescence spectra of the dye combination at a concentration of (8×10⁻⁵ M) were the most intense among all tested concentrations .The findings showed that there was a clear link between concentration and absorption intensity :when concentration went up, absorbance went up as well. The research also found that larger concentrations led to a lower quantum efficiency and a longer fluorescence lifespan. These results indicate that the dye combination has favorable properties, positioning it as a good candidate for use in photonic and nonlinear optical devices.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Ghufran Sattar Khazal, Shurooq Sabah Abed Al- Abbas
2026,9(2);
0 Views
Abstract
Two-dimensional prominent Janus materials have drawn massive interest to enable optoelectronic applications, owing to broken mirror symmetry and adjustable electronic characteristics. In this work, we systematically explore the structural, electronic, and optical properties of the Janus SbBrSe monolayer based on first-principles density functional theory (DFT). Calculated results suggest that the SbBrSe monolayer can be classified as a semiconductor with an effective direct band gap of 1.190 eV located at the Γ point and exhibits a large valley energy difference of ΔE =0.81 eV between the global minimum and secondary valley in conduction bands at Г and М points, respectively. The material exhibits excellent ultraviolet (UV) light absorption, with a maximum absorption coefficient of 12.2×10⁴ cm⁻¹ and characteristic peaks at 5.2 eV and 9.8 eV. Interestingly, the negative values of the real dielectric function indicate that the monolayer shows a metallic behavior in the energy range of 5.1-6.5 eV. The SbBrSe monolayer possesses remarkable properties, including a direct bandgap and high absorption in the UV region, rendering it a promising candidate for optoelectronic applications, particularly UV photodetectors.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Asmaa M. Abdullah, Mohammed Z. Thani
2026,9(2);
275 Views
Abstract
This research article highlights how Bioactive Pyrimidine Derivatives were synthesized in an environmentally friendly manner via Green Chemistry using Copper Oxide (CuO) NanoParticles (NPs) as recyclable catalysts through the multicombination Biginelli Reaction. The CuO NPs (approximately 18nm) were synthesized efficiently via a cost-effective, simple mechanical mixing/calcination method, with characterization verified with XRD, EDX, FESEM, and FTIR. The one-pot condensation reaction of the three starting reagents (aldehydes, acetylacetone, and urea) was achieved in 30 minutes at 80°C with yields of approximately 90 to 95%, which produced a major compound, (5-acetyl-6-methyl-4-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one). Box-Behnken design (BBD) design of experiments together with response surface methodology (RSM) using Design-Expert 13 was performed on the condensation reaction to determine the optimal conditions (1mmol of initial aldehyde, 1mmol of urea, 1mmol of acetylacetone, 0.1g of catalyst) and establish a predictive neural network model with R2=0.8684 and Adeq Precision=7.74. CuO NPs outperformed traditional and existing types of catalysts (CdO NPs and copper acetate), exhibited products with tolerance to a wide range of substituents (H, NO2, OH); additionally, they provided consistent three (3) to four (4) cycles of continuous activity, demonstrating a sustainable, scalable method for producing pharmacologically active dihydropyrimidinones.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Deghfel Nadir, Laib Nouri, Benyahia Azzedine, Melouki Azzedine, Larkat Karima, Djehiche Mokhtar
2026,9(2);
100 Views
Abstract
The growing demand for sustainable and low-carbon construction materials has stimulated increasing interest in the valorization of natural clayey resources and plant-based reinforcements for eco-friendly composite applications. However, the thermochemical behavior, mineralogical complexity, and engineering performance of natural clayey materials from semi-arid regions remain insufficiently understood. In this study, three representative clayey materials (Red, Green, and Yellow) collected from the Soubella region (M’sila, Algeria) were investigated to evaluate their suitability for sustainable clay-based composite engineering applications.
A multi-analytical methodology combining X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric analyses (TGA/DTG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was employed to characterize the mineralogical composition, chemical reactivity, thermal transformations, granulometric distribution, and microstructural evolution of the investigated materials. The influence of untreated Cynodon dactylon fibre reinforcement on the physicochemical and mechanical behavior of clay-based composites was also evaluated.
Granulometric and physicochemical analyses revealed that the Red and Green clayey materials are dominated by fine clay–silt fractions, whereas the Yellow material exhibits a comparatively higher carbonate-rich sandy composition. Mineralogical characterization identified quartz- and illite-rich phases in the Red and Green materials, while the Yellow material showed a higher calcite concentration. Thermogravimetric analyses highlighted distinct thermal transformation pathways associated with dehydration, dehydroxylation, and carbonate decomposition reactions. The obtained thermal profiles confirmed the thermal stability and activation potential of the investigated materials at elevated processing temperatures. Mechanical investigations demonstrated that natural fibre incorporation significantly improved the compressive and flexural performances of the clay-based composites by enhancing matrix cohesion and fibre-matrix interfacial interactions. In particular, the Yellow clay composite reinforced with untreated Cynodon dactylon fibres exhibited a notable increase in flexural strength compared with the unreinforced systems. Overall, the results demonstrate that mineralogical composition, thermal behavior, and natural fibre reinforcement strongly influence the engineering performance of clay-based composites. The investigated materials therefore constitute promising low-carbon resources for the development of eco-friendly composite materials and sustainable construction systems adapted to semi-arid environments.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Al-Karrar Kais Abdul Jaleel, Haider Jabbar Shinjar, Haider Ali Alnaji, Ali Abbas Abo Algon, Abbas F. Almulla
2026,9(2);
48 Views
Abstract
Objectives: This study evaluates the vitamin D pathway and atherogenic markers in T2DM patients, develops composite indices to quantify disease severity and cardiovascular risk, and tests their predictive utility using precision modeling.
Material and Methods: Serum levels of vitamin D (Vit D), vitamin D receptor (VDR), binding protein, and lipid parameters were measured in 50 T2DM patients and 25 healthy controls. Atherogenic indices: AIP, Castelli Risk Index I (CAST-1), and Castelli Risk Index II (CAST-2) were calculated. Principal component analysis (PCA), multivariate regression, neural networks, and partial least squares (PLS) modeling were performed.
Results: Patients with T2DM exhibited significantly lower Vit D and VDR levels, higher cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, and atherogenic indices, with lower HDL. Composite PCA scores confirmed increased disease severity and cardiovascular risk. Insulin resistance strongly predicted atherogenic indices, whereas Vit D levels predicted both disease severity and cardiovascular risk.
Conclusion: Vitamin D pathway disruption significantly correlates with insulin resistance, metabolic severity, and cardiovascular risk in T2DM, underscoring its potential as a personalized therapeutic target.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Raad Farhan Shahad, Salah Mahdi Alibi, Esraa Assim Al-Jubouri, Hussein Abdul Hamid
2026,9(2);
377 Views
Abstract
This paper examines some of the properties and potential applications of montmorillonite, which is a type of clay in the smectite group, and its importance in achieving some of the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper points to some of the unique attributes that the mineral has, most of which lie in its capacity to retain water and provide essential nutrients, thus improving soil quality. Soilless growth media that contain montmorillonite can improve plant growth and make better use of resources. This study is specifically concerned with the application of montmorillonite for the development of sustainable agriculture and the preservation of the environment. It will look into the application of montmorillonite for agricultural purposes, water filtration, and the preservation of the ecosystem. This study will examine the characteristics and potential application of montmorillonite, a clay mineral belonging to the smectite group, and its contributions to the development of some of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It will be comprised of some information on the application of montmorillonite for agricultural purposes, water filtration, and environmental preservation techniques, as well as the exposure of the agricultural environment to montmorillonite. Moreover, this paper presents some of the benefits of montmorillonite and addresses the second goal of sustainable development, including poverty alleviation and food security improvement, which can benefit people worldwide.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Rusiyanto Rusiyanto, Rifky Ismail, Athanasius Priharyoto Bayuseno, Deni Fajar Fitriyana, Aldias Bahatmaka, Wirawan Sumbodo, Ninda Kurniadi, Willy Gumilang Toh
2026,9(2);
71 Views
Abstract
The demand for high-performance crucibles in metal casting and smelting industries has led to an increasing interest in alternative materials due to the limitations of traditional graphite-based crucibles. Evaporation boat waste, primarily composed of boron nitride (BN) and titanium diboride (TiB 2 ), offers a sustainable alternative but has not been fully explored for crucible production. Additionally, the influence of particle size on material properties such as density, porosity, and macrostructure remains under-researched. This study aims to address this gap by examining the effects of particle size and sodium silicate binder on the physical properties of crucibles made from evaporation boat waste. Crucibles were prepared with varying particle sizes (100, 120, 140, 170, and 200 mesh) and a 15% sodium silicate binder. Density, porosity, and macrostructure were analyzed, showing that smaller particle sizes led to higher density and lower porosity. Optical macrostructure analysis indicated a more homogeneous and compacte structure for finer particles. The results showed that the 200 mesh particle size achieved the highest density of 2.138 g/cm³, representing a 5.1% increase over the lowest density of 2.0343 g/cm³. The 200 mesh sample also exhibited the lowest porosity of 1.14%, a 2.7% decrease from the largest particle size.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Zahraa. R. Tameemi, Abbass. N.Alsirifi, Zahraa. H. Athab
2026,9(2);
271 Views
Abstract
Salbutamol sulfate was analyzed using a straightforward, expeditious, and precise spectrophotometric approach. This method enabled the rapid and precise quantification of salbutamol sulfate within complex samples.in this method Salbutamol sulfate is coupled with a diazotized p-methoxy aniline reagent in an alkaline medium to form stable and water- soluble yellow azo dye . The resulting compound exhibited maximum absorption at 426 nm The method follows Beer's law was over the concentration range 2-12 μg mL -1 and Sandell's sensitivity index at 1.76 × 10 -2 μg cm -2 , Detection limit is 0.0096 μg mL -1 . This approach demonstrates rising reliability (average recovery 98.75%), with a relative standard division (SD) is 0.0017 μg mL -1 and molar absorption coefficient 3.269× 10 4 L mol −1 cm -1 .This proposed technique has been successfully applied to determine the salbutamol sulphate with no interference from conventional pharma logical excipients. Furthermore, this procedure was effectively versus the official ones, demonstrating its reliability and potential for routine analysis.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Noor Al-Huda S. Hadi, Hayder M. Abduljalil, Hussein Hakim Abed
2026,9(2);
5 Views
Abstract
This work investigates the effect of incorporating graphene oxide (GO) and iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles into poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) on the structural, optical, electronic, and antibacterial properties of PMMA. Experimentally, PMMA/GO/Fe 2 O 3 nanocomposite films with different nanofiller concentrations were prepared using the casting method and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible spectroscopy, and antibacterial cell-count analysis. Theoretically, density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations were employed to evaluate geometrical structure, HOMO, and LUMO energy levels, density of states (DOS), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), and optical absorbtions.
The results revealed strong interfacial interactions between PMMA, GO, and Fe 2 O 3 , confirmed by FTIR peak shifts and Fe–O vibration bands. Optical measurements showed enhanced absorbance, reduced optical band gap, and increased refractive index, dielectric constant, and optical conductivity with increasing nanofiller concentration. DFT and TD-DFT calculations supported the experimental observations by demonstrating reduced HOMO–LUMO gaps, charge redistribution, and enhanced charge-transfer interactions after incorporation of GO and Fe 2 O 3 . Antibacterial analysis showed significant suppression of bacterial growth, reaching more than 99% inhibition at higher nanofiller loading.
The aim of this work to establish a correlation between the experimentally observed optical and antibacterial behavior and the electronic-structure modifications predicted by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations, in order to evaluate the potential of PMMA/GO/ Fe 2 O 3 nanocomposites for advanced optoelectronic and biomedical applications.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas, Nuni Widiarti, Dwi Widjanarko, Sucihatiningsih Dian Wisika Prajanti, Hasan Maksum, Harumi Veny, Dya Ayu Septiyan, Noviana Dias Pratiwi, Wawan Purwanto, Rifdarmon, Ahmad Arif, Rizky Ichwan
2026,9(2);
21 Views
Abstract
Biodiesel is among the renewable and clean energy to substitute diesel fuel. One of the prospective raw materials for biodiesel is nyamplung ( Calophyllum inophyllum ) seed oil. Biodiesel production generally applies transesterification reaction with methanol assisted by inorganic base catalyst to produce fatty acid methyl esters with the by-product glycerol. To eliminate glycerol by-product, methanol can be replaced with ethyl acetate which results in triacetin byproduct. Triacetin can increase the cetane number, hence it is not necessary to remove it from biodiesel product. The use of conventional catalysts in biodiesel production produces chemical waste and requires high purification costs. Enzyme catalysts such as lipase is an alternative to overcome these problems. However, lipase is costly and sensitive with the changing of operation condition. To cope with this issue, lipase is immobilized into solid material. In this work, interesterification of nyamplung oil with ethyl acetate using immobilized lipase was conducted. Optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) was also performed. Based on the RSM analysis, it was shown that the optimum conversion conditions were 47.40% with selectivity of 14.77% and a yield of 6.32% at a temperature of 50°C, with a molar ratio of 1:8.99 and an immobilized lipase catalyst concentration of 7.49%.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Rand Tariq khalaf1, Waleed M. Sh. Alabdraba
2026,9(2);
192 Views
Abstract
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is considered one of the most important parameters that indicates the presence of organic pollution in industrial wastewaters. Refinery wastes represent complex heterogeneous, structurally, oily liquid that contains a very high load of organics. This study aims to assess the efficiency of refinery wastewater treatment by three methods, namely coagulation, ozonation, and a UV/O₃ hybrid system, and to determine the optimum operational conditions of each technique at the Baiji oil refinery complex.
The study started by applying a coagulation process using two types of chemicals, namely Al₂(SO₄)₃ and FeCl₃ at varying pH to evaluate the effect of conditions on COD removal. The second process was ozonation with a range of concentrations and finally the UV/O₃ system for enhancing the advanced oxidation of steel. The standard methods of measurement as approved by the labs of Baiji Refinery and Tikrit University were followed for each procedure. The two-way ANOVA was used to find out the high coefficient factors affecting removal efficiency.
The results demonstrated that chemical coagulation alone gives removal rates of 44–62%. The efficiency increased when the procedure was coupled with ozonation to reach 67–81%. The UV/O₃ going system was the best, with removal efficiencies of 92–97%, which confirms the important role of the •OH hydroxyl radicals in destroying the complex organics. The statistical analysis indicates that the type of process was the most influential factor affecting the removal efficiency and that the coagulant did not have any statistically important effect. It could be concluded that the integrated system Coagulation + O₃ + UV/O₃ is a promising solution to treat high organic load refinery effluents. It is also recommended to optimize UV reactor design and O₃ dosage to ensure a higher efficiency and lower energy consumption. Further studies should be conducted to assess the optimum level of this system and to perform an economic feasibility study to scale them up in Iraqi refineries.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Ali T. Alzeyadi, Ahmed M. AL-Sulaiman, Ali W. Al-Attabi
2026,9(2);
0 Views
Abstract
Drinking water treatment relies heavily on chemical processes such as coagulation and disinfection, where reaction efficiency directly influences operational performance and environmental impact. However, conventional systems often operate under design assumptions that overlook real-time variations in reaction conditions and energy–chemical interactions, leading to suboptimal performance. This study aims to investigate the reaction mechanisms governing alum-based coagulation and chlorine disinfection in a full-scale water treatment plant and to optimize their operational efficiency. A combined methodology integrating field-scale data acquisition, reaction pathway analysis, and process evaluation was employed to assess chemical consumption, energy use, and sludge formation. The findings reveal that inefficiencies in mixing and dosing significantly affect reaction completion, increasing chemical demand and energy consumption. Optimized process conditions improved coagulation efficiency and reduced excess chlorine usage. The study demonstrates that a reaction mechanism–based approach can enhance process efficiency and sustainability in water treatment systems.ons.
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Open AccessOriginal Research Article
by Rr. Dewi Putri, Maharani Kusumaningrum, Ima Winaningsih, Nisrina Hasna Nabil, Adhika Bintang Syahputra, Shandy Alif Fahrezi, Nathan Aditya, Ridha Suryaning Sukma, Shofiah Zulfa Putri
2026,9(2);
0 Views
Abstract
Fouling in Reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes reduces filtration efficiency and shortens membrane lifespan, generating significant end-of-life (EoL) waste. This study developed recycled ultrafiltration (UF) membranes from EoL RO membranes with natural chitosan-based antifouling coatings containing garlic, lime, and green tea extracts. The process involved RO cleaning, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) treatment for UF conversion, coating application, and performance evaluation via permeability, salt and humic acid rejection, and water contact angle tests. The chitosan-garlic (0.4 g, 30s immersion) coating achieved the best antifouling performance, showing the lowest contact angle (40.7°) and high rejection rates for humic acid and salts. Increasing coating duration from 30 s to 3 h improved salt rejection (e.g., Na₂SO₄ rejection increased from ~18% to ~34.9%) but reduced permeability due to pore narrowing. This approach improves membrane antifouling capability while supporting SDGs 3,6,9, and 12 by promoting sustainable water treatment and waste reduction.
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Open AccessReview Article
by Mamura Dustmurodova, Gulkhayo Umidjonova, Sukhrob Nurov, Madina Dustmurodova, Dilfuza Otaqulova, Khilola Mamatova, Nasiba Abdukadirova, Alexey Nimchik, Taxir Tashbayev, Sunbulla Rajabova, Davron Begmatov, Latofat Jamolova, Ravshan Eshonkulov, Bakhodir Abdullayev, Murodjon Samadiy
2026,9(2);
217 Views
Abstract
With the rapid development of lithium-based new energy industries worldwide, traditional lithium extraction technologies face resource scarcity, environmental pollution, and high energy consumption, calling for the exploration of more sustainable alternatives. Based on this, geothermal brine resources have played an important role in lithium exploration due to the development of efficient recovery technologies. This paper establishes a general framework for evaluating lithium extraction technology from geothermal resources, including resource characteristics, development advantages, technology comparisons, and technology synergies. It discusses the global lithium resources, the advantages and key technologies of extracting lithium from geothermal resources, the key challenges in the technology, and the future. The key technologies include evaporation-crystallization, chemical precipitation, adsorption, solvent extraction, electrochemical, and membrane separation. Of these, membrane technology, especially forward osmosis, has become an important research hotspot. The development of geothermal lithium technology has become an important direction for the future, providing important guidance for the development of geothermal resources and the theory of the green transition in the global new energy industry.
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Open AccessReview Article
by Irene Nindita Pradnya, Widi Astuti, Rafeqah Raslan, Maharani Kusumaningrum, Maulida Zakia, Resna Auliyah Hasanah, Nadifa Alya Fauziah
2026,9(2);
59 Views
Abstract
The rapid expansion of industrial activities alongside the depletion of natural resources has intensified the global demand for sustainable wastewater treatment technologies. Activated carbon derived from biowaste precursors presents a superior eco-friendly and economically viable alternative to conventional fossil-based materials while advancing the strategic goals of a circular economy. This comprehensive review evaluates synthesis pathways encompassing conventional and hydrothermal carbonization, physical and chemical activation mechanisms, and the technical advantages offered by microwave-assisted heating. Systematic synthesis of literature demonstrates that biowaste-based activated carbon possesses exceptional morphological characteristics and adsorption capacities that frequently surpass commercial standards for the remediation of synthetic dyes, heavy metals, and pharmaceutical contaminants. Despite these advancements, this review identifies a critical research gap regarding the persistent difficulty in standardizing final product quality due to the inherent chemical and structural variability of diverse biomass precursors. Furthermore, the lack of performance evaluation in multi-component pollutant systems fails to accurately reflect the complex chemical interactions of real-world industrial wastewater streams. This fundamental discrepancy between controlled experimental success and rigorous industrial requirements continues to be the primary obstacle preventing the widespread implementation of biowaste-derived adsorbents.
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Open AccessReview Article
by Widi Astuti, Dwi Putri S Aritonang, Maya Anggraeni, Nagistra Tiwa Lira, Dian Ratri Pramudhita, Irene Nindita Pradnya, Triastuti Sulistyaningsih, Megawati, Zulfa Ajrina Fitri
2026,9(2);
66 Views
Abstract
The rising concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere underscores the critical need to develop efficient, scalable, and sustainable carbon capture technologies. Activated carbon (AC) is one of the materials currently being widely developed for carbon capture. The effectiveness of AC for carbon capture depends on its characteristics, such as surface area and functional group content, which vary with the synthesis process. This comprehensive review presents an in-depth evaluation of the synthesis pathways for AC derived from agricultural waste, with particular attention to activation and modification techniques to enhance CO₂ adsorption. It also further examines key parameters influencing the physicochemical properties of these materials, including pore structure, surface area, and surface chemistry. The review process follows the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines to ensure transparency and reproducibility. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined to identify the most relevant studies and to systematically collect and synthesize pertinent data. The review identified that chemical activation, particularly with KOH, H₃PO₄, and ZnCl₂, substantially enhances the surface area, pore development, and surface functionality of AC, thereby improving CO₂ adsorption capacity. Among various activation techniques, KOH activation consistently yields the highest specific surface areas and well-developed microporous structures suitable for CO₂ adsorption. Modification strategies, such as heteroatom doping and metal impregnation, further enhance the basicity and selectivity of AC toward CO₂ molecules by increasing the number of active sites and tuning surface chemistry.
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Open AccessReview Article
by Yasser Fakri Mustafa
2026,9(2);
8 Views
Abstract
Marine-derived coumarins are structurally diverse benzopyrone compounds biosynthesized under the unique environmental conditions of marine ecosystems. This review summarizes studies published between 2000 and 2025 concerning their biosynthesis, structural diversity, biological activities, and emerging technological applications. Literature was collected from major scientific databases with emphasis on experimentally validated marine-derived compounds. Current evidence demonstrates that marine coumarins exhibit antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities, although most findings remain limited to preclinical investigations. Structural modifications such as halogenation and prenylation contribute to their distinctive physicochemical and biological properties. Beyond pharmacology, marine-derived coumarins have attracted increasing interest in green chemistry, nanotechnology, biosensing, and sustainable material design because of their fluorescence behavior, metal-coordination ability, and biodegradability. Several compounds and related analogues have also entered early clinical evaluation. Despite these advances, important challenges remain regarding sustainable sourcing, large-scale production, pharmacokinetic optimization, and clinical translation. Overall, marine-derived coumarins represent promising multifunctional natural products with potential applications spanning biomedicine, biotechnology, and environmentally sustainable technologies.
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Open AccessReview Article
by Teba Yasser Fakri, Sumyia Khalaf Badawi, Yasser Fakri Mustafa
2026,9(2);
158 Views
Abstract
Background: The increasing demand for plant-based dairy alternatives has highlighted almond milk as a popular option due to its favorable sensory properties and suitability for individuals with lactose intolerance or milk protein sensitivity. However, its inherently low levels of calcium and vitamin D3 limit its nutritional equivalence to cow’s milk, particularly in populations with higher mineral requirements. Aim: This study aimed to enhance the nutritional and functional quality of almond milk through calcium and vitamin D3 fortification, while evaluating its physicochemical characteristics, mineral bioavailability, and sensory acceptability. Methods: Almond milk was prepared using an almond-to-water ratio of 1:4, followed by fortification with calcium chloride (0.3 g/100 mL) and vitamin D3 (80 IU/100 mL). Physicochemical properties were analyzed using standard methods, while calcium bioavailability was assessed using an in vitro digestion model based on the INFOGEST protocol. Mineral quantification was performed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Sensory evaluation was conducted to assess product acceptability. Results: Fortification significantly increased calcium content from 13.99 to 120 mg/100 mL without altering macronutrient composition. Physicochemical parameters such as density, electrical conductivity, and total salts increased, indicating effective dissolution and homogeneous distribution of the added minerals. In vitro digestion revealed progressive calcium release, with bioavailability reaching 65.41% during the intestinal phase. Sensory evaluation demonstrated high acceptability, with no adverse effects on flavor, texture, or appearance. Conclusion: Calcium and vitamin D3 fortification effectively improves the nutritional profile and functional performance of almond milk. The integration of food science and chemical engineering principles enables the development of a stable, bioavailable, and consumer-acceptable plant-based beverage, supporting its potential as a viable alternative to dairy milk.
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Announcements
This journal will be jointly published by Enpress Publisher and Arts and Science Press (https://ojs.as-pub.com/index.php/index/index). |
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| This journal will be jointly published by Enpress Publisher and Arts and Science Press (https://ojs.as-pub.com/index.php/index/index). | |
| Posted: 2024-01-25 | |
ACE is included in CAS databases! |
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| Posted: 2023-12-11 | |
Publication frequency becomes quarterly |
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| Posted: 2023-09-12 | |
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