Applied Chemical Engineering

Abstract Membrane filtration is one of the separation techniques based on the filtration media's morphological structure and pore size. This study aims to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic additives on the morphology and performance of polyethersulfone (PES) membranes. Two additives used are polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether (PEG-HE) and Nanocarbon. PES membrane synthesis was carried out using a phase inversion technique. The membrane performance test includes analysis of pure permeability and rejection of synthetic fertilizer factory wastewater (Mg 2+ ) with a concentration of 300 ppm. The membrane characterization was carried out by analyzing the morphology of the membrane structure using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), water contact angle (WCA), porosity, and membrane pore size. Ultrafiltration experiment showed that the modified PES membrane with PEG-HE and Nanocarbon had the highest permeability. The most significant rejection coefficient of 96.88% was found in an ultrafiltration experiment using pure PES membranes. The characteristic of other membranes will be described in detail in this article.

Abstract The aim of this article is an investigation on the silicon, germanium and tin-decorated Al-Mg nanoalloy based on Langmuir adsorption by ONIOM model and DFT method. The fluctuation of NQR has been estimated the inhibiting role of pyridine and its derivatives (picoline, 3-picoline,4-picoline,2,4-lutidine) for  (Si, Ge, Sn)-doped Al-Mg alloy nanosheet due to concerning nitrogen  in the benzene ring of related heterocyclic compounds becoming close to the monolayer nanosurface of Al-Mg-X (X=Si, Ge, Sn) nanoalloys. The NMR spectroscopy has remarked that (Si, Ge, Sn)-doped Al-Mg alloy nanosheet has maximum band wavelengths approximately between 10 ppm-2000 ppm accompanying the sharpest peaks for inhibitors→ Al-Mg-X which are between 10 ppm -100 ppm.IR spectroscopy has exhibited that (Si, Ge, Sn)-doped Al-Mg alloy nanosheet with the fluctuation in the frequency of intra-atomic interaction leads us to the most influence in the vicinage atoms generated due to inter-atomic interaction. The maximum IR spectrum for complexes of [inhibitor→ Al-Mg-X (X=Si, Ge, Sn)] has been observed in the frequency range between 500 cm-1-3500 cm-1.This work exhibited that proper monitoring of the coating mechanism by Langmuir adsorption can illustrate inhibiting the aluminum nanoalloys corrosion through an investigation of their structural and thermodynamic properties.

Abstract Upazilla Health Complex (UHC) offers the primary level health care facilities for rural communities. Every day thousands of patients come here for health care. The Health complex need 24 hours electric supply. Because of many operations such as maternity facilities, Obstetric Delivery, operation theatre and various electric instruments need to electricity supply. Sometimes the power supply of National Grid cannot provide continuous 24 hour electricity supply. Because of various disturbance such as load shedding, blackouts and bad weather situation. If continuous power supply cannot possible the patient face various serious condition. For this reason, continuous electric power supply this is the ultimate solution. . In this paper, we reports on the techno-economic assessment of net metering based on-grid photovoltaic system for an Upazila health complex in Bangladesh. The analysis is based on the grid-connected photovoltaic system without battery storage. The Homer pro software is used to obtain the overall analysis and the load study carried out by Homer powering tools is online software. It suggests that the selected health complex requires a 34 kW PV system. The system’s net present cost (NPC) and the Levelized cost of energy (COE) are $ 35,524 and $0.048 respectively. In this proposed system, renewable energy provides 99 percent of the total power requirements, while the generator and grid provide only 1 percent. The system produces 53,736 kWh a year of electricity whereas the system’s surplus electricity is 3,226 kWh per year and this is sold to the national grid using a net metering system.  

Abstract Acidic sulphate bath having ZnSO 4 , TiSO 4 and sulphamic acid, was optimized for the deposition of bright Zn-Ti coating on mild steel. Bath constituents and operating parameters were optimized by trial-and-error method, for highest performance of the deposit against corrosion. The effect of current density, on deposit characters, such as corrosion rate, thickness, and hardness were discussed. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods were used to evaluate the corrosion properties of the deposit. The composition of deposits was determined by energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. Surface topography of the deposited film was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surface roughness was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). A new and low-priced sulphate bath, for bright Zn-Ti coatings on mild steel has been proposed, and the results indicate better corrosion resistance properties, and these coatings can be used for biomedical applications.  

Abstract A project was undertaken to construct and assess the viability of a downdraft biomass gasifier as an alternative solution for delivering sustainable energy and electricity in developing nations. The gasifier, made of stainless steel, was specifically designed for wood pellets and tested using exhaust gas and air as gasification agents. The flow rate of the primary gasification agent was measured at 440 m3/h, and the producer gas's exit temperature (ranging from 300-650 ºC) was analyzed based on the moisture content of the biomass feedstock. The temperature within the reaction zone varied depending on the equivalence ratio (ER) for exhaust gas (ranging from 700-974 ºC) and for air (ranging from 620-850 ºC). Additionally, the temperature was influenced by the moisture content, with ranges of 830-1050 ºC for exhaust gas and 850-1070 ºC for air. The syngas produced consisted mainly of carbon monoxide (14.4-19.2%), hydrogen (16-20%), carbon dioxide (7.1-11.2%), and a small amount of methane (2-3%). Based on future research, downdraft gasifiers emerge as the most suitable technology for electricity generation in developing countries, positioning them as a significant and reliable source of power.

Abstract Machine tools are very important metal cutting process that used widely in manufacture/construction and energy sector. Material removal rate (MRR) in any metal cutting process is very important because it significantly affects the production rate, generated energy/forces, tool life. Improper choice of the machine tools/cutting tools or parameters will lead to more wear/energy and deterioration of surface qualities. The cutting process should be controlled during cutting/shaping process. In this study, therefore, multi-response optimization was carried out on AISI 1040 hardened mild steels when machined with ceramic cutting tools using response surface methodology under different cutting conditions. It can be noted that there are two responses. One is the Surface Roughness (SR) while the second is the Volume or Material Removal Rate (MRR). The experimental results exhibited that all three factors revealed significant influence on generating metal cutting energy. The optimal levels were found out in terms of maximum Multi Response Performans Index (MRPI) that are A3, B3 and C3. Analysis of variance and Pareto chart indicated that besides basic factors, AC, AB, BC interactions had an influence on MRR with SR. It was concluded that the correlation coefficient was found about 99.06%. Therefore,   MRPI approach was capable of providing good modelling results for the combination of SR and MRR. 

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Abstract Although copper (Cu) is a very beneficial metal, having too much of it in the body can cause lung issues, severe anemia, nausea, and vomiting. In order to extract Cu (II) ions from aqueous solution, an adsorbent was constructed in this study employing pre-irradiation grafted ETFE film. The grafting method was used to binary monomers of sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) and acrylic acid (AA), where NaCl served as an additive. The grafted polymer was also subjected to studies of tensile strength, water uptake, surface area extension, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The adsorption of Cu (II) was investigated with respect to pH, starting metal ion concentrations, contact time, monomer concentrations, and temperature. With 50 kGy of radiation dose, 4% NaCl and 30% of monomer solution (SSS: AA=1:2) in water generated the highest graft yield of 470%. The maximum adsorption capacity (412 mg g-1) was discovered with an initial concentration of 2500 ppm, a pH of 4.86, and a contact time of 24 hours at room temperature (25°C). A monolayer adsorption was recommended by the good linking between experimental data and the Langmuir Isotherm Model. The kinetic adsorption data closely fitted with the pseudo-second-order reaction. Due to its increased adsorption capacity and reusability, the synthesized new grafted polymer can be considered as an efficient adsorbent for Cu (II) removal from wastewater.

Abstract Aluminum-Gallium doped with titanium by using ONIOM method through structural, electrical, and thermodynamic properties was studied in detail. Crystal structure of Ti–(Al–Ga) surface was coated by S- & N-heterocyclic carbenes of benzotriazole (BTA), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2MBT), 8- hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol (ATR). The "NMR" spectroscopy of the adsorption of BTA, 2MBT, 8HQ, and ATR on the Ti–doped Al–Ga nanoalloy surface represents that this surface can be employed as the magnetic S–&N–heterocyclic carbene sensors. In fact, "Ti" site in "Ti–(Al–Ga)" nanoalloy surface has bigger interaction energy amount from "Van der Waals’ forces" with BTA, 2MBT, 8HQ, and ATR that might cause them large stable towards coating data on the nanosurface. It has been estimated that the criterion for choosing the surface linkage of "S" and "N" atom in BTA, 2MBT, 8HQ, and ATR in adsorption sites can be impacted by the existence of close atoms of aluminum and gallium in the "Ti–(Al–Ga)" surface. The fluctuation of "NQR" has estimated the inhibiting role of BTA, 2MBT, 8HQ, and ATR for Ti–doped Al–Ga alloy nanosheet due to "S" and "N" atoms in the benzene cycle of heterocyclic carbenes being near the monolayer surface of ternary "Ti–(Al–Ga)" nanoalloy. Moreover, "IR" spectroscopy has exhibited that Ti–doped Al–Ga alloy nanosheet with the fluctuation in the frequency of intra-atomic interaction leads us to the most considerable influence in the vicinage elements generated due to inter-atomic interaction. Comparison to  amounts versus dipole moment has illustrated a proper accord among measured parameters based on the rightness of the chosen isotherm for the adsorption steps of the formation of BTA @Ti–(Al–Ga), 2MBT @Ti–(Al–Ga), 8HQ @Ti–(Al–Ga), and ATR @Ti–(Al–Ga) complexes. Thus, the interval between sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen atoms in BTA, 2MBT, 8HQ, and ATR during interaction with transition metal of "Ti" in "Ti–(Al–Ga)" nanoalloy, (N→Ti, O→Ti, S→Ti), has been estimated with relation coefficient of R² = 0.9509. Thus, the present has exhibit the influence of "Ti" doped on the "Al–Ga" surface for adsorption of S–&N–heterocyclic carbenes of BTA, 2MBT, 8HQ, and ATR by using theoretical methods. Furthermore, the "partial electron density" or "PDOS" has estimated a certain charge assembly between Ti–(Al–Ga) and S– & N–heterocycles of BTA, 2MBT, 8HQ, and ATR which can remark that the complex dominant of metallic features and an exact degree of covalent traits can describe the augmenting of the sensitivity of "Ti–(Al–Ga)" surface as a potent sensor for adsorption of BTA, 2MBT, 8HQ, and ATR heterocycles.

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Abstract The gypsum soil forms large areas of Iraq soil. Therefore, studying the behavior of this soil and its treatment method is important as the current solution is to replace gypsum soil when starting any construction work. In this study, the gypsum soil was taken from Tikrit city, which has a gypsum content of about 38%, was used. This study aim to present the effect of the polymer on the gypsum soil properties. Meanwhile, the amount of positive effect this material (polymers) will have on the behavior of gypsum soil. The percentages of the additive from polymer (5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15%) were percentages of the weight, and the tests conducted on the soil are chemical tests and physical tests and engineering tests. The results showed that the engineering properties of the soil improved the collapse of soil, was less than (5.11) to (1.21), the cohesion increase (28.98 KN/m3) to (51.16 KN/m3) and the angle of internal friction decrease from (33.190) to (38.850) when the percentage of additive was increased from 0% to 15%.

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Abstract The article presents the results of a study of the workflow parameters influence in the full-scale and model burners of the combustion chamber oxy-fuel combined cycle on the deviation of similarity criteria from full-scale values. The variable parameters are the pressure and velocity of the fluid under model conditions, as well as the power of model and full-scale burners. The supercritical parameters of the working fluid in the cylindrical sections of the combustion zone at a pressure of 30 MPa and a temperature of 1570 °C were taken as full-scale conditions. In this paper, the dependences of the deviations of hydrodynamic and thermophysical similarity criteria on the speed and pressure of the combustion products of an oxygen-fuel mixture with carbon dioxide in the working zone of the test bench for burners are obtained. The parameters of the working fluid and the power of model burners are obtained, at which the values of the criteria deviations are minimal.

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Abstract In order to increase the nutraceutical value and keeping quality of mushrooms, this study was undertaken to value add to two of the largely consumed mushrooms in India namely Button Mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus ) and oyster Mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus). These varieties of mushrooms were exposed to UV light to assess the effect of the treatment on the phytochemicals such as phenolic, flavonoids, folic acid and Vit D2. It was found that significant increases were obtained in all the phytochemicals with short exposure of 120 minutes. Also, the coating of mushrooms with agar or gelatine resulted in extension of shelf life up to 14 days at normal storage conditions. The use of MRI for quality determination of mushroom by evaluating the lipid profile in the samples was reported for the first time.

Abstract Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) has been shown to be an effective method for determining the content of Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si, Sr and Zn in small mass samples of breast tissue. The method is relatively simple and applicable directly in the clinic for express diagnostics. The autopsy material of 38 practically healthy women aged 16-60 years who died suddenly was studied using the developed method of ICP-AES. Mean values (M ± SD) of mass fractions (mg kg-1 of dry tissue) of chemical elements in normal breast tissue of women were: Al 3.62±2.44, Ca 77.7±61.8, Cu 1.03 ±1.01, Fe 13.8±12.3, K 194±114, Mg 18.5±9.0, Na 686±516, P 201±74, S 385±224, Si 8.75±6.22b, Sr 0.50±0.24, and Zn 3.29±1.65. The ability of breast tissue to absorb Al, Fe and Sr from the interstitial fluid was revealed. The selective accumulation of Al, Fe, and Sr should be taken into account in further studies of the role of chemical elements in the etiology of breast pathologies, as well as in the development of methods for the differential diagnosis of diseases, for example, benign and malignant tumors of the mammary gland. 

Abstract Biomethanol, a renewable and sustainable alternative to traditional fossil-fuel-derived methanol, has garnered considerable attention as a potential solution to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on non-renewable resources. The utilization of biocatalysts in biomethanol production offers a promising avenue to achieve environmentally friendly and economically viable processes. Paper highlights the biocatalytic pathways involved in biomethanol synthesis. Particular emphasis is placed on microbial biocatalysts, such as methanogenic archaea and certain bacteria, which possess the unique capability of converting carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methanol through a series of enzymatic reactions. Additionally, enzyme-based systems derived from various microorganisms and genetically engineered organisms are also discussed as potential biocatalysts for biomethanol synthesis. Paper also delves into the current challenges and limitations faced in harnessing biocatalysts for biomethanol production. These challenges include substrate availability, low conversion rates, enzyme stability, and process scalability. Several strategies to address these issues are highlighted, including metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and bioprocess optimization techniques. The advantages of utilizing biocatalysts for biomethanol production are outlined. Biocatalytic routes offer the advantage of operating under mild conditions, which reduces energy consumption and minimizes the production of unwanted by-products. Furthermore, the utilization of renewable feedstocks, such as carbon dioxide captured from industrial emissions or waste streams, enhances the sustainability of the process. The final section discusses future prospects and potential research directions in the field of biocatalytic biomethanol production. Advances in biotechnology, omics technologies, and computational modeling are poised to accelerate the discovery and optimization of novel biocatalysts, thereby unlocking the full potential of biomethanol as a sustainable fuel and chemical precursor. The use of biocatalysts for biomethanol production offers an attractive approach to establish a green and circular economy. With ongoing research and technological advancements, the field holds significant promise for reducing carbon emissions and transitioning towards a more sustainable energy landscape. However, to fully realize the potential of biocatalytic biomethanol production, interdisciplinary collaboration and concerted efforts are required to address existing challenges.

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Abstract Neurological disorders (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), epilepsy, despondency, and dementia, has been evidenced as a rising concern among diverse geographical regions. Brain-related diseases are currently the main concern because they are increasing mortality and morbidity in the elderly. Regardless of the continual efforts by modern scientists to develop a promising pharmacological or surgical management, the outcome has not been satisfactory. Also, owing to the associated side effects of synthetic drugs, scientists have taken the initiative to consider the use of natural compounds as an alternative. Hence, they obtain quite effective results by using natural compounds. Natural ingredients are synthesized from a variety of plant and animal sources. These natural ingredients cure brain diseases through a variety of mechanisms. For effective medication advancement, the molecules need to go through clinical preliminary systems which require some investment and significant speculation. In this situation, cheminformatics assumes a basic part in diminishing time and venture. Cheminformatics methods including 3-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship 3D-(QSAR), virtual screening, docking, molecular dynamic studies, and quantum chemical studies play a significant role in these issues. The vital purpose of this study is to disclose different types of NDs and the neuroprotective effect of several natural products for experimental and cheminformatics-based therapy. Natural products like green tea, flavonoids, ginseng, and some other natural products are discussed as effective neuroprotective products. However, more investigation is expected to comprehend the better utilization of regular items in exploratory and cheminformatics-based treatment for NDs in the future.